Metabolism I Carbohydrates Catabolism and Anabolism o Catabolic reactions break down complex organic compounds providing energy o Anabolic reactions synthesize complex molecules from small molecules o Exchange of energy requires use of ATP adenosine triphosphate molecules o Each cell has 1 billion ATP molecules 2 sec of max contraction rapid ADP requiring energy ATP molecule and Energy ATP turnover Energy Transfer o Over of energy released from ATP is converted to heat o Energy is found in the bonds between atoms o Oxidation is a decrease in the energy content of a molecule electrons are lost o Reduction is the increase in the energy content of a molecule electrons gained plus H plus H o Oxidation reduction reactions are always coupled within the body Sometimes an intermediate molecule is involved in the electron transfer The electron transport chain Coenzyme NAD and FAD o Series of integral membrane proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane capable of oxidation reduction o Each electron carrier can accept and donate electrons o Small amounts of energy released in small steps This energy used to form ATP by chemiosmosis o Oxygen is the final electron acceptor required step for this process to occur o ATP is transported out of the matric to be used by the cell Chemiosmosis summary o Small amounts of energy released as electrons are passed along inner membrane o This energy is used to pump H ions from matrix across inner mitochondrial membrane against their gradient o ATP synthesis occurs as H diffuses through a special H channel in inner Cellular respiration summary membrane form ATP Glucose Metabolism o In the presence of O2 glucose is broken down into CO2 H2O and energy used to o ATP is transported out of the mitochondria to be used by the cell o 1 Glycolysis break down of glucose Glucose to pyruvate lactate o 2 Glycogenolysis break down of glycogen Glycogen to glucose o 3 Glycogenesis formation of glycogen Glucose to glycogen o 4 Gluconeogenesis formation of new glucose Other substrates to glucose
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