Adrenal and Pancreatic Hormones Mineralocorticoids zona glomerulosa o Major human mineralocorticoid is aldosterone o Functions Increases absorption GI and reabsorption kidney of Na with Cl bicarbonate and water following it Promotes excretion of K and H secretion in kidney o Hypersecretion from adrenal tumor produces aldosteronism High BP caused by retention of Na and resultant increase in Glucocorticoids zona fasciculate plasma volume o Major human glucocorticoid is cortisol o Key function is regulation of metabolism during stress Increases rate of protein catabolism and lipolysis Provides gluconeogenesis Provides resistance to stress by making nutrients available Raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction Has anti inflammatory and immunosuppressive action Reduces release of histamine from mast cells Decreases capillary permeability Depressed phagocytosis Inhibits white blood cells Cushing s Syndrome Increased ACTH o Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids adrenal tumor o Redistribution of fat to face o Spindly arms and legs due to muscle loss o Poor wound healing and easily bruised Addison s Disease Autoimmune leads to adrenal cortex destruction o Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone o Hypoglycemia muscle weakness low blood pressure o Dehydration due to decreased Na in blood o Mimics skin darkening effects of MSH o Potential cardiac arrest Androgens zona reticularis o Small amount of weak androgens male horomes produced Insignificant in males Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA May contribute to sex drive in females Converted to a form of estrogen in postmenopausal women Adrenal Medulla system o Chromaffin cells receive direct innervation from sympathetic nervous Develop from same tissue as postganglionic sympathetic neurons Acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion o Produce 80 epinephrine adrenaline and 20 norepinephrine noradrenaline o Hormones are sympathomimetric Effects mimic those of sympathetic NS Cause fight flight behavior Diabetes Mellitus o Diabetes mellitus marked by hyperglycemia Excessive urine production polyuria Excessive thirst polydipsia Excessive eating polyphagia o Type I deficiency of insulin typically juvenile onset o Type II insulin insensitivity typically adult onset