Heather and Tyler s Notes 9 2 13 Capital and Labor 1870 1900 i The second industrial Revolution and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism ii Consequences of Mass Industrialization iii The Rise of the Labor Movement OUR READING THAT WE DIDN T DO Bellamy highlighting the differences between the workers and the coach the road metaphor for the passage of time to obtain freedom the industrial revolution and the life of workers economic outlook is not so good people who got to ride wanted to keep them in poorer conditions knew they were making it heavier and harder to pull knew that if they didn t stay on top they would end up on the bottom pulling the cart people on top were not sympathetic they just didn t want to end up like the people on the bottom felt entitled didn t want to fall off and be like the others people pulling the coach suffered daily because of physical endurance young man little family falls asleep wakes up in an utopian world wrote it from that perspective hoping that things would change still metaphorically we have people pulling the coach and people riding on top of the coach 1865 1877 Reconstruction 1877 1914 Second Industrial Revolution divergent views and conflicts on the topic of freedom The Second Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism Industrial growth Gilded Age first industrial revolution inventions to improve manufacturing last quarter of 19th century capitalism changed the world cheap massed produced consumer goods increased jobs Gilded covered in gold not solid all the way through LOOKED GOOD BUT WAS NOT ALWAYS A GOOD TIME PERIOD Mark Twain Tom Sawyer Huckleberry Finn wealth vs poverty decrease in agriculture from 1870 1920 increase in industry from 1870 1920 increase in the number of railroads Increase in Manufacturing Railroads and the National Market move things across the country Technological Innovation atlantic cable 1866 send electronic telegraphs from US Europe typewriters scientific breakthroughs first record player light bulb motion picture electricity Resources fossil fuels steam engines coal provided steel country had abundant natural resources oil was also there Labor growing supply of cheap labor Migration Immigration 1870 1990 11 million 1900 1914 14 million New Forms of Corporations Large scale ownership to finance growth Increase in Management National firms no competition monopoly one big business that controls the market Oligopoly a few firms control the market Rockefeller completely controlled how much oil was produced the prices and where it was sold to By 1890s his Standard Oil Company controlled 90 of the country Andrew Carnegie steel industry JP Morgan finance industry Vanderbilt controlled the railroad industry Captains of Industry seen as the masters of what they were doing Robberbarrens stealing the competition from someone else a title Consequences of Mass Industrialization Upper class families began to develop their own communities and neighborhoods Marble House big business Laissez faire hands off don t get involved unions and government should let the businesses do what they want courts supported this Lockner vs NY limited the hours to 60 hours a week that children could work in the bakery but courts decided that they cant interfere with the contracts that bosses have with their employees federal support helping big business grow protective tariffs railroad regulation railroads depended on land grants Social Darwinism evolution and survival and the fittest published in 1859 plant and animal species that can adapt well will wipe out the ones that aren t as well adapted natural selection LABOR mass migration from the countryside europeans chinese and Japanese mexicans Transformation of the nature of work Blue collar paid hourly Piece work maximized mass production Workers however lost independence and skills Put more pressure on workers White Collared workers engineers Conditions poor dangerous illness injury death was common 60 hours a week increasing security 1870 1 5 women working for wages 1910 number almost tripled women and children working in the garment industry sexual harassment less pay for the same work 9 10 11 The Rise of the Labor Movement UNIONS 1776 U S tried to defy itself against European class division jobs and between rich and the poor Economic stability not in debt earning a consistent wage salary Social stability form unions to deal with labor issues Knights of Labor offered an alternative to capitalism very rich and very poor goals were to set fair rights for all workers STRIKES 1 Great Railroad Strike 1877 July 1877 workers initiated first and largest general strike in U S history Depression in 1870s so railroads cut hours Workers refused to work and used freight trains Violent confronations President Rutherford B Hayes sent troopers in to break it up 2 Haymarket Square Affair 1886 Socialists and anarchists leaders everyone was equal organized a meeting to protest the death of four strikers a bomb went off ten people died 8 anarchists were convicted four were hanged 3 Homestead Steel Strike 1892 Andrew Carnegie steel viewed union for iron and steel workers as an obstacle that minimized his profits instead of maximizing them Cut their pay 26 less union rejected contract and he locked out all workers Seven union protesters were murdered 4 Pullman Strike 1894 During the depression Pullman company that manufactured fancy sleeping cars on the railroad kept 28 of the wages If you work for me you have to live in these houses cut their pay for not the rent had to buy groceries from specific places Striking workers began to protest PRESIDENT Federal troops were sent to Chicago strike collapsed PRESIDENTS WERE ENFORCING BIG BUSINESS RATHER THAN THE WORKERS AND THEIR RIGHTS Conflict between capital and labor conflicting definition of freedom Bellamy freedom consisted of having rights for social issues Communism everyone is absolutely equal Socialism similar to communism Capitalism MARX The Transformation of the West 1862 1900 Turner and the Frontier Thesis individual freedom economic mobility was not there millions of people migrated into the west rugged individualism moved around in families empty west cowboys wanted the land population in west increased rapidly culturally complex 1890 population 133 000 colorado Incorporation of the west fossil fuels abundance of resources railroads spread to west which connected the people and the resources building railroads required remarkable feats of