an individual s characteristic style of behaving thinking and Chapter 12 Personality Personality feeling Personality What it is and How it is Measured Personality differences are concerned with 1 Prior events that can shape individual personality 2 Anticipated events that might motivate a person to reveal a particular personality characteristic Minnesota Multi phasic personality Inventory MMPI a method in which people provide subjective information abot Self report their own thoughs feelings or behaviors typically via questionaire or interview well researched clinical questionare used to asses personality and psychological problems personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli tests designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals Projective tests o Rorschach Inkblot Test o Thematic Apperception Test TAT projective technique in which respondents inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by an analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots respondents underlying motives concerns and the way they see the social world are believe to be revealed about ambiguous pictures of people projective technique in which The Trait Approach Identifying Patterns of Behavior relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent Trait way Allport traits are preexisting dispositions Murry traits reflect motives The Big Five the traits of the five factor personality model o Openness to Experience o Conscientiousness o Extraversion o Agreeableness o Neuroticism Anthropomorphize Behavioral activation system BAS to anticipation of reward signaling punishment Behavioral inhibition system BIS to attribute human characteristics to nonhuman animals activates approach behavior in response inhibits behavior in response to stimuli The Psychodynamic Approach Forces that Lie beneath Awareness Psychodynamic approach Dynamic unconscious an approach that regards personality as formed by needs strivings and desires largely operating out of awareness memories the person s deepest instincts and desires and the person s inner struggle to control these forces active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden 3 independent interacting and conflicting systems 1 2 Superego 3 Ego part of mind containing drives present at birth source of bodily Id needs wants desires and impulses particularly our sexual and aggressive drives o Pleasure principle psychic force that motivates tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse mental system that reflects internalization of cultural rules mainly learned as parents exercise their authority component of personality developed through contact with the external world that enables us to deal with life s practical demands o Reality principle regulating mechanism that enables individuals to delay gratifying immediate needs and functions in the real world the unpleasant feeling that arises when unwanted thoughts or Anxiety feelings occur generated by threats from unacceptable impulses Defense mechanisms unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety 1 Repression 2 Rationalization 3 Reaction formation 4 Projection 5 Regression unconsciously replaced threatening inner wishes removing painful experiences and unacceptable impulses supplying a reasonable sounding explanation for attributing one s own threatening feelings motives or from the conscious mind unacceptable feeling and behavior to conceal underlying motives or feelings and fantasies with an exaggerated version of the opposite impulses to another person or group development to deal with internal conflict and perceived threats less threatening alternative Identification characteristics of another person better able to cope socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into dealing with feelings of threat anxiety by taking on the 6 Displacement 8 Sublimation 7 Psychosexual stages formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregiver s redirection interferes with those pleasures distinct early life stages through which personality is 1 Oral stage 1 frustrations associated with the mouth sucking and being fed experience centers on the pleasures and st year and 2 Anal stage 2 3 years 3 Phallic stage 3 5 years experience is dominated by pleasures and frustrations associated with anus retention and expulsion of feces and urine and toilet training and frustration with genital region as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love hate jealousy and conflict o Oedipus conflict developmental experience in which child s conflicting feeling towards opposite sex part are resolved by identifying with the same sex parent experience dominated by pleasure conflict 4 Latency stage 5 13 years primary focus is on further development of intellectual creative interpersonal and athletic skills with a capacity to love work and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner time for coming together of mature adult personality 5 Genital stage Fixation psychologically stuck at a particular psychosexual stage phenomenon in which a person s pleasure seeking drives become The Humanistic Existential Approach Personality as a Choice Humanistic psychologists Existential psychologists emphasized a positive optimistic view of human nature that highlights people s inherent goodness and potential for personal growth focused on individual as a responsible agent who is free to create and live his her life while negotiating the issue of meaning and reality of death Self actualizing tendency human nature toward realizing our inner potential o Exact capability flow Existential approach school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death anxiety of fully being Angst The Social Cognitive Approach Personalities in Situations Personal constructs Person situation controversy the question of whether behavior is caused views personality in terms of how the person Social cognitive approach thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them more by personality or by situational factors experiences consequences of a future behavior Locus of control internal to the self or external in the environment a person s tendency to perceive
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