KAAP 220 Exam 4 Study Guide LECTURES 22 24 The Nervous System Name the 2 major divisions of the nervous system o Structures involved in each o General function of each Describe the general process of the nervous system from stimuli to motor response o Afferent Association Efferent neurons pathways Receptors Effectors Name the two primary types of cells in the nervous system Which cells are the basic unit of the nervous system Name the 3 types of supporting cells in the nervous system What is the general function of supporting cells What are the 2 Functions of Schwann cells Discuss the repair mechanism for a damaged nerve What is the function of Satellite cells Where are Satellite cells found What are the 4 types of neuroglia o Structure and function of each Approximately how many neurons are in the body Name the 3 functional classes of neurons o Functions of each Describe the general structure of a neuron o Cell body dendrites dendritic spines axon axon hillock Telodendria synaptic terminals Describe a synapse o Pre synaptic cell post synaptic cell synaptic cleft neurotransmitter Describe the structure and function of myelin What is the transmembrane potential What property of the plasma membrane is critical to a transmembrane potential Describe the resting potential of a cell What is the resting potential of a neuron in millivolts What are two factors that influence a neurons resting potential value What common ions are found within the cytoplasm at resting potential o Which contributes to the positive charges within the cell Negative charges What common ions are found in the extracellular fluid o Which contributes to the positive charges outside the cell Negative charges Which structures are crucial for the development of a graded potential o Name and describe the 3 types Describe process of depolarization during a graded potential Describe how a depolarization spreads along the plasma membrane What is hyperpolarization What causes this What are 4 factors that are important to remember when talking about graded potentials Discuss the process of an action potential o What differentiates these from graded potentials What principle describes an action potential Describe the concept of a threshold voltage and what happens when depolarization reaches this value lecture 23 At what voltage does repolarization of the membrane occur Be able to describe the process of an action potential by following the graph of slide 30 of How does an action potential travel throughout the entire membrane What are the two types of propagation Describe each What structure of a neuron allows for communication between cells Describe how a chemical synapse transfers signals between the pre and post synaptic cells Describe the process of summation and why it is important when talking about all of the information coming into one cell What structure of the neuron integrates all incoming stimuli of a neuron Name 1 factors that explain how complicated the nervous system is Describe an effector and a receptor What is the overall function of the spinal cord How are spinal nerves named in the cervical region Thoracic and below Name and describe the landmarks of the spinal cord Describe spinal cord structure in terms of gray and white matter o What is the function of each type of matter Name the two types of spinal nerve roots and what type of information is carried by each What are spinal meninges o What is their function o Name the 3 layers Name the 4 nerve plexuses of the body o What structures do each innervate o What are the key nerves of each plexus What structures do each innervate Name the 4 primary regions of the brain o Describe the location and structure of each o Describe the general functions of each Understand the terms gyri sulci cortex fissures hemisphere Name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum o Describe the location of each o Which sulci divide them o What are the specialized functions of each What are the 2 subcomponents of the diencephalon What are the 3 subcomponents of the brain stem What cells in the Cerebellum make it so good at receiving sensory information How does their structure play a role in this