KAAP 220 Exam 3 Study Guide Types of joint classifications by motion examples of each o Synarthrosis no movement o Amphiarthrosis little movement o Diarthrosis freely moveable Types of joint classification by structure examples of each Suture Gomphosis Synchondrosis Synostosis Syndesmosis symphysis Synovial o Fibrous Suture Gomphosis Syndesmosis o Cartilaginous Synchondrosis Symphysis o Synovial Synovial Synovial joint structure cartilage synovial fluid synovial membrane joint capsule etc o Patella o Synovial membrane 1 o Extracapsular ligament o Intracapsular ligament Three basic types of joint motion o Joint capsule o Joint cavity o Articular cartilage o Bursa o Fat pad o Meniscus o Gliding o Rotation o Angular motion o Gliding o Hinge o Pivot o Ellipsoid o Saddle o Ball and socket Six classifications of synovial joints examples of each Body Motions all those covered in lecture 18 know what motions are in the 3 primary planes o Flexion and extension Occurs in sagittal plane Flexion reduces angle between articulating elements Extension increases angle between articulating elements 2 Extension past neutral is called hyperextension o Abduction and adduction Occurs in frontal plane Abduction away from body Towards longitudinal axis of body o Rotation Occurs in the transverse plane Medial internal rotation Anterior surface of limb moves towards mid line Lateral external rotation Anterior surface of limb moves away from mid line For motions about mid line of body i e head rotation Movement of a limb in a circular motion Left right o Circumduction o Foot motions Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Inversion Eversion Reduces angle between food and leg foot flexion Increases angle between foot and leg foot extension Twisting of the foot to turn sole inward Twisting of food to turn sole outward o Hand motions Pronation 3 Movement of thumb towards surfaces of palm or other Palm turned posteriorly Radius crosses over ulna Palm turn anteriorly Supination Opposition fingers Elevation Depression Protraction Retraction Movement of body part superiorly Movement of body part inferiorly Movement of body part anteriorly Ball and socket Greatest Range of motion Types of injuries are Subluxation and dislocation Impingement Rotator cuff tear Movement of body part posteriorly Shoulder Joint o Type of joint structures aiding in joint stability how stable is it types of motion permitted range of motion types of injury Hip Joint o Type of joint structures aiding in joint stability how stable is it types of motion permitted range of motion types of injury 4 STURDY Ball and socket Wide range of motion but much less than shoulder Knee Joint o Type of joint structures aiding in joint stability how stable is it types of motion permitted range of motion types of injury Largest synovial joint in body Essentially a hinge joint Mainly flexion and extension Large range of motion ACL PCL MCL LCL stabilize tibio femoral joint Can you name and describe the 4 functions of muscle o Movement o Posture o Protection o Heat Production Can you describe the characteristics of the 3 types of muscle tissue and the differences between each 5 Type Appearance Structure Nuclei Control Location Skeleta l Striated Multiple Voluntary Throughout body Cardiac Striated One Involuntary Heart Smooth Non Striated One Involuntary Walls of internal organs blood vessels etc Long parallel cylindrical fibers Short branched fibers Short spindle shaped fiber Can you name and describe the 4 properties characteristics of muscle o Excitability Responds to stimulus Initiates contraction o Contractibility Ability to produce tension between its end points Ability to stretch when external force is applied o Extensibility o Elasticity Ability to return to original length after being stretched Understand and describe the general regions of muscle 6 o Belly Region with contractile elements of muscle Middle of muscle o Tendon connects muscle to bone dense regular CT ends of muscle o Aponeurosis broad sheet attaches to wide area o Epimysium Be sure to understand and describe the levels of skeletal muscles structure Dense layer of collagen fibers surrounding entire muscle Separates muscle from surrounding structures Connects muscle to deeper tissues Continuous with attachments o Fascicle Bundle of muscle fibers 150 per fascicle thousands per muscle o Perimysium fibrous layer divides muscle into compartments surrounds individual fascicles contains blood vessels and nerves o Muscle Fiber 7 Bundle of myofibrils About 1 million fibers per medium sized muscle Can span entire distance from origin to insertion Each is huge o Endomysium delicate CT o Myofibril organization of muscles o Parallel Surrounds muscle individual fibers Functional contractile elements of muscle Understand and describe the traits of each of the 4 types of structural Fascicles in parallel with long axis of muscle and tendons Most muscles of the body Can contract 30 of fiver length Relatively weak muscles More for speed and distance o Pennate unipennate bipennate multipennate Feathered appearance Fascicles join to tendon at common angle Strong muscles o Convergent Broad origin Versatile Fascicles converge towards single tendon Stim Of different portions can change direction of pull 8 More similar to pennate than parallel increased force o Circular Fascicle concentrically arranged Typically found around opening or recess in body When muscle contracts diameter of opening decreases What is the fundamental unit of muscle o Muscle fiber Describe the location and function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T Tubules o SR Web like covering of myofibril Stores calcium ions o T tubules Sites where calcium ions are releases Describe the two types of myofilaments o Actin Thin filament Double strand of actin molecules Twisted together o Myosin Thick filament Rod like tail Run parallel to myofibril Two globular head o Region between z lines 9 What is a sarcomere and how does it relate to muscle contraction o Functional contractile unit of a muscle fiber Identify the various regions of a sarcomere o Z line A Band etc o Step 1 o Step 2 o Step 3 o Step 4 o o Describe the steps Sliding Filament Theory Myosin heads bind to actin and form cross bridges Myosin heads pivot and pull on actin Ratcheting effect Cross bridges between Actin and myosin detach Myosin head re cocks and is ready to form another cross bridge Which chemical element is most important to muscle contraction Describe how the brain and spinal cord are