Dr Clyde Herreid BIO 200 Study Guide 1 Lecture 2 Science as a way of knowing Classic scientific method Formulate hypothesis 1 Ask question 2 3 Make predictions 4 5 Conclude either accept or reject Test Characteristics of science Testing claims Law of parsimony Occam s razor simplest answer 1 2 3 Measurements are used 4 Consilience is applied use of many different fields to answer question Deductive reasoning general principles to specific conclusions Inductive reasoning specific to generalizations Characteristics of good hypothesis Simple Probable 1 2 Consistent with known facts 3 4 Use physical explanations 5 Stimulate research 6 Make predictions 7 Testable When to accept hypothesis 1 When all attempts to falsify it have failed 2 When it is accepted by scientific community as true beyond all reasonable doubt Hypothesis guess Theory major conceptual framework Lecture 3 Introducing Mr Darwin Two hypotheses 1 Divine creation a Relied upon supernatural explanations b Not scientific or testable 2 Evolution hypothesis a Jean Baptiste Lamarck claimed evolution occurred first Evolution by acquired characteristics based on use disuse Evolution occurred by natural selection Darwin Darwin s 3 clues on voyage Fossil and living armadillos exist together Populations close together are similar 1 2 3 Galapagos Islands each had different species of closely related type 2 Lecture 4 Darwin s Evidence Scientific advances that helped Darwin Telescope Microscope Fossils Voyages of discovery Geology Biology Deduction 1 Deduction 2 Deduction 3 Deduction 4 Compare born and survival rate Many were born few survived Look for differences Difficult to obtain natural selection is slow If the hypothesis of evolution by natural is true then variations should exist among domestic organisms Artificial selection by farmers can leed to maladaptive traits Could it occur in wild If evolution is true variation is in wild also If the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is true more offspring will be born than will survive to reproduce If the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is true differences should exist in offspring that survive and breed and those that don t If the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is true variation important to survival must be inherited No good test at time look at artificial selection Good variation occurs but is diluted by normal variation in breeding good traits are swamped out by breeding In the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is true the Earth must be really old so evolution could occur Fleming Jenkins argument Deduction 5 Look at geological record Thickness of rock layer suggest age Lecture 5 Darwin s evidence part 2 Deduction 6 If the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is true fossils should show evidence of change through time Types of fossils to study at different layers 3 Original material Perminerlization petrification mineralization of organic matter Carbonized file silhouette of blackened carbon residue Mold impressions of organism in rock Cast mold filled in with mud or sod Chemical fossil molecules produced by organism left behind Trace fossil something left behind foot poop etc Conclusion life has changed on Earth If the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is true the older rock strata should have less modern species than younger strata Charles Lyell 1854 data support evolution doesn t support creation hypothesis If the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is true simplest organism should be in oldest strata If the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is true then intermediate links between fossils must exist Deduction 7 Deduction 8 Deduction 9 Data consistent with evolution Look for transitional species Archaeopteryx 1860 Bird features True feathers Wings Wishbone Pneumatic bones Bipedal Reversed big toes Reptile feature Bony tail with free vertebrae 3 claws on wings Flat breast bone Reptilian skull Long snout No beak Jaws with teeth Lecture 6 Time scales Fossil record Radioactive isotopes change with course of time used to date rocks and fossils Testing reliability of methods Test for constant decay Testing against samples of known age 1 2 3 Cross checking methods 4 Compare dates and strata 4 Imperfections in fossil record Destroyed broken down Don t form correctly Haven t found them yet Volcanic activity Plate tectonics Where are transitional fossils Imperfections in fossil record 1 2 Will be found in future 3 Punctuated equilibrium don t last long Lecture 7 Evidence from cells Deduction Cell theory 1838 M Chleiden Plants are made of cells 1839 T Schwann animals are made of cells 1858 R Virchow all cells come from cells Living organism has 1 or more cells Cells smallest unit of life Similar organelles organs of cells Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Golgi apparatus Deduction 2 types of cells Prokaryotes Prokaryotes no nucleus Eukaryotes Nucleus Simplest Smallest Oldest 3 5 BYA Eukaryotic Cells Animal Plant Fungi Protists If the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is true the microscope structure of organisms should show evidence of common ancestry If the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is true simplest cell structure evolved first in fossil record 5 Large Complex membrane system Recent 2 BYA Eukaryotes Linear Strand nucleus 5 100 nanometer Multicellular Prokaryotes Single circled in nucleoid region 2 10 nanometer Single celled some with peptidoglycan cell wall Doesn t need oxygen No organelles different ribosomes Bacteria archaea Metabolism Organization of insides Examples Need oxygen Membrane bound organelles Plants animals protists fungi DNA Size Organization Mitochondria Has own DNA passed down by mother Powerhouse of cell produces ATP Only place Oxygen is used 2 membranes Lecture 9 Evidence from anatomy and embryology Deduction If the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is true we should see evidence of this in anatomy Ex Animals with red bloods cells have backbones and similar skeletons Homology similar structure from a common ancestor How to tell if 2 structure are homologous Are the 2 structures fundamentally similar in basic structure Do structures have same embryology Does common ancestor have similar structure Analogy similar function of 2 structures independently evolved Vestigial structures structures with no apparent function These structures did have function in an ancestor Keeping structure mean use more energy Embryology Deduction If the hypothesis