Needs Evaluation Exam 1 Study Guide is there a need for a policy is the policy grounded in clear well established theory Evaluation Hierarchy Needs evaluation Theory evaluation Implementation process evaluation Outcome impact evaluation Cost efficiency evaluation If yes is answer to all above evaluations consider expanding continuing policy does policy achieve outcomes in a cost effective manner is the policy associated w the cause of intended outcomes is the implementation of a policy consistent w the theory design Need evaluations Identifies if there s a problem what type of policy is indicated Helps prioritize different problems Point to gaps in research that must be addressed before determining whether or not to implement a policy Establishing evidence of a social problem Must establish a need before implementing a new policy Need clear evidence of a social problem Defining a need can be complex EX crime How much is there has it increased what types have increased EX criminal justice system Operational functions elements activity of actors Defining the problem Defining a problem involves may considerations Size absolute relative terms Trends changes in magnitude Location social geographical distribution Causes helps define problem best response Determining the type level of response needed Must answer 3 related questions Importance of needs evaluations Needs evaluations serve a number of critical functions Identify if problem exists Scope nature of problem Determine if a policy should be retained Highlight research gaps Type of policy response that should be considered Prioritize problems Mass Incarceration What is it Are existing efforts insufficient to address some social problem Are existing efforts not only insufficient but also susceptible to correction In comparison to existing efforts is a proposed newly implemented policy a needed substitute supplement Long term confinement to achieve a goal retribution rehab public safety Contemporary incarceration is multifaceted Juvenile justice system state Fed Prisons local jails civil commitment for mentally ill Trends in prison populations About 6 9 million people involved in criminal justice system prison jail probation parole civil commitment 2 8 of population 1 35 adults Over 1 5 million in state Fed Prisons 70 of people under correctional supervision were on probation parole Over 3 9 million adult on probation Over 850 000 on parole mandatory conditional release following a prison term 30 in jail prison Comparing Rates Mass incarceration varies across the nation Overall rate 478 per 100 000 Highest rate south Lowest rate northeast NJ NY CA have implemented incarceration reduction policies International Worldwide 10 1 million people incarcerated including juveniles US was 23 2 29 million of world total 2012 2013 US has highest per capita rate 716 Next highest was Rwanda 492 Russia 475 US has about 7x higher incarceration rates than the average of all Western European democratic nations Incarceration Disparities Incarceration population majorly male racial minorities Changes in incarceration rates haven t been proportionately reflected in racial ethnic groups 1926 1940 high prison rates for black low for whites Mid 70 s prison admission rates were increasing overall but at a disproportionately higher rate for blacks Gender Women incarceration rates on the rise 6x higher since the 80 s Contributing factors War on drugs Shift to determinant sentencing loss of right to vote Felon disenfranchisement Happens in 48 states Crime Incarceration Mechanisms through which they re related Varies by state some banned for life 5 85 million Americans unable to vote due to state felony disenfranchisement Disproportionately affects men minorities crime rate offending determines of people arrested then serve time in prison policy change policy change determines likelihood duration of incarceration crime rates have little no effect on incarceration rates incarceration is ineffective at reducing crime sentencing reforms at state local levels drive change policy has moved primarily towards the development of sentencing guidelines determinant sentencing policies 70 s 80 s reforms to make sentencing more fair outcomes more predictable 80 s 96 changes to make sentences for drug violent crime harsher more certain Mandatory minimum 3 strikes Sex Crime Laws Contextualizing Sexual Behavior normal sexual behavior is a social construct that varies Historical views on sexuality sexual behavior Same sex transgenerational sexual relationships were acceptable displayed in art as early as the 6th century Sexuality wasn t linked to marriage Open sexuality was common until the middle ages Catholic church influenced the change in thinking about sexuality the purpose of sexual acts Sexuality became strictly regulated sex acts like sodomy were punishable by death Despite influence form the church transgenerational familial sex acts were common in the 16th 17th Other religions imposed strict regulations on sex but subscribed to different customs Religious views centuries Cultural views Native American African cultures often practices sexual activates similar to Greeks Some Native American tribes showed evidence of homosexual activities as well as sexual play among children transgenerational sexual activity Some African tribes had similar rituals Cycle of Moral Panic Emotionally charged sex crime occurs panic erupts legislation proposed to control predatory sexual offenders political pressure legislation enacted laws have limited utility fall into disuse back to the beginning First wave of panic 1880 s 1890 s psychoanalysts begin researching sexual deviance abuse 1900 s progressive era emergence of sexual promiscuity among women 1910 s panic over sex killers perverts Changing waves of panic 1885 1935 Richard von Krafft Ebing Sigmund Freud conduct 1st research on sexual deviance the pathology of sexual offenders Social groups lobbied for modifications to the age of consent laws in US Sterilization castration were common responses to sex offenders Rise of the Sexual Psychopath 1920 s dissipation of concern about Stanger danger focus on other types of crimes Early mid 1930 s increasing fears about the sex offender redefinition of gender familial roles Late 1930 s 1950 s sexual psychopathy legislation passed Changing waves of panic 1936 1976 Arrests for sexual offenders increased dramatically in 1930 s Michigan was 1st state to pass a sexual psychopath law allowing for