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Start of Quiz 3 MaterialJuvenile Boot Camps! -Modeled after adult military boot camps! -Consists of a military-style environment with physical exercise and some hard !labor! -Juveniles spend between 4 to 6 months in a boot camp! -Meta-analyses have shown that boot camp programs typically result in a zero ! decrease in the rate of juvenile re-offendingRecently Evaluated Juvenile Justice Programs! -Prevention Programs!!-Primary prevention programs try to reduce the risk of smoking, drug use, ! ! and teen pregnancy!!-Secondary prevention programs target at-risk youth for delinquency and ! ! violence! -Community-Based Programs! ! -Programs that help divert youth away from engaging in juvenile ! ! delinquency by focusing on family and school interactions! -Institutional Setting Programs! ! -Juvenile programs administered in an institutional setting that is tailored ! ! to each juvenile’s needs.Promising Prevention Programs! -Olds’ Nurse Home Visitation Program! ! -Identifies young, poor, first-time mothers early in their pregnancy! ! -Nurses help with nutrition, transportation, and provide child care for the ! ! first two years after birth! ! -Evaluations report positive results across several sites in more than 200 ! ! U.S. counties and several countries! -Bully Prevention Program! ! -Program involves both teachers and students in setting clear rules ! ! against bullying! ! -Evaluations have found that after two years, treated schools report a 50 ! ! percent decline in bullying behavior! -The School Transitional Environmental Program (STEP)! ! -Aims to reduce school disorganization and increase teacher support to ! ! troubled youth! ! -Specifically targets at-risk students with behavioral problems! ! -Identified at-risk students are grouped into homerooms where teachers ! ! take on the role of guidance counselor as well as instructorPromising Community-Based Interventions! -Functional Family Therapy! ! -Targets youth age 11-18 facing issues with frequent delinquent ! ! involvement and violent behavior! ! -Aims to improve family communication skills, emotional attachment, and ! ! parent’s ability to set limits for their children! -Multisystematic Therapy (MST)! ! -Family-based programs delivered by Master-level counselors (degrees in ! ! sociology or social work)! ! -Typically provide in-home counseling to families for fifty hours and 24/7 ! ! crisis intervention for over four months! ! -Counselors deliver services aimed to help parents deal with defiant youth! -Intensive Protective Supervision (IPS)! ! -Program that targets less violent status offenders! ! -IPS youth are closely monitored by counselors who extensively interact ! ! with youth and their family! ! -These counselors usually have smaller caseloads in order to spend ! ! additional time with each clientPromising Institutional Setting Programs! -Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)! ! -Intimate counseling sessions designed to address serious child or ! ! adolescent emotional and behavioral problems! -Family Integrated Transitions (FIT)! ! -Addresses dynamic risk factors (e.g., substance abuse, mental health ! ! problems, transitioning back into society)! ! -Originated in the state of Washington! -Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC)! ! -Youth are placed in facilities where caregivers have been trained to offer ! ! behavioral management strategies as well as a therapeutic household ! ! environmentThe Need for Juvenile Justice Programs! -Reduce the rate of juvenile delinquency! -Prevent youth from one day having contact with the criminal justice systemTheories Behind Many Juvenile Justice Programs! -Social Learning Theory (Akers, 1979)! ! -Youth initiate the behavior of others, especially when such behaviors are ! ! given a positive definition and reinforced! -Self-Control Theory (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990)! ! -Self-control predicts all crime and delinquency! ! -Self-control is created by effective parenting before the age of 8 or 10! -Differential Association Theory (Sutherland, 1940)! ! -Youth will engage in delinquency when they hang around peers who ! ! commit delinquency! -Deterrence Theory! ! -The harsher the punishment the less likely they will commit the crimeImplementation of Juvenile Justice Programs! -Work with juveniles on a case-by-case basis to address individual needs more ! effectively! -Involve trained counselors to work with the youth and their family! -Make sure programs are administered for extended periods of time based on ! client progress and evaluationOutcome and Impact Evaluations of Juvenile Justice Programs! -Evaluations show positive results for programs that are tailored to address ! specific juvenile needs! -Effective programs often work when both the youth and their family work to ! address behavioral problems! -Importantly, none of the criminological theories (alone), which many programs ! are based on, has received considerable support! -Instead, it is most likely the case that life-course developmental theory best ! explains the development of juvenile delinquencyCost-Efficiency of Juvenile Justice Programs! -Although some programs may be quite expensive, the benefit outweighs the ! cost! -Evaluation research suggests that juvenile prevention/intervention programs can ! save taxpayers thousands of dollars by decreasing the future inmate population! -Thus the benefits outweigh the costsPrivate vs. Public Prisons! -The private prison population in the U.S. has grown from 87,369 to 129,336 from ! 2000 to 2009 (Department of Justice)! -In 1983, Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) opened its first prison in ! Texas! -Today, private prisons facilities can be found in almost every state! -What has caused the increase in private prison construction?! ! -Mass incarceration beginning in the 1980s that was a result of sentencing ! ! reform! ! -Placed strain on the prison system to house the increasing number on ! ! inmates during this time! -Since the 1980s, private prison companies have spent millions of dollars lobbying each year to make sure inmate populations stay high (beds are full)! -It is estimated that the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) and GEO Group have contributed:! ! -$835,514 to federal political candidates! ! -Over $6 Million to state politicians! -GEO Group has spent between $120,000 to $199,992 in Florida alone! -Private prisons have begun to contract with Immigration and Customs ! Enforcement (ICE)! -In 2012, CCA brought in $444.9 million in federal


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