Anth260 Luke Premo Unit 3 Study Guide Raymond Dart famous anatomist idea that Au Africanus was a hominin and human relative correct idea that Au Africanus was a vicious weapon wielding predator incorrect discovered Taung Child human like teeth foramen magnum ape like brain size but nobody accepted it was a human relative Piltdown hoax widely believed that large brain evolved first and then the teeth and other traits Fossilized bones from S African cave deposits from many different animals heads limbs frequent vertebrae ribs too rare to belong to more Taung people found to be from leopards eating Dart fabricated own culture Osteodontokeratic bone tooth horn for early humans known as killer apes content bias an idea may receive widespread acceptance more because it is easy to accept than because it is the best explanation Note scientists cannot help but be influenced by the society around them which is why science is self correcting not static As new data accumulates and new ideas are proposed old explanations are constantly challenged and re evaluated Early Homo 2 8 1 5 mya H habilis and H rudolfensis found in E Africa enlarged cranial capacity reduced canine size reduced sexual dimorphism stone tools found at Olduvai Gorge Compared to Australopiths larger braincase more rounded and higher cranial vault flatter and less prognathic face smaller molars BUT similar post cranial skeleton H rudolfensis 1 9 mya from Koobi Fora in Kenya 775cc braincase H Habilis 1 9 mya from Koobi Fora in Kenya 510cc braincase larger group than Oldowan Tools Mode 1 oldest stone tools from Gona Ethiopia 2 6 mya may not actually be the earliest tools potential evidence from 3 4 mya and possible organic material tools minimal tool transport unlikely weapons cut marks on animal bones site in E Africa at Olduvai Gorge Koobi Fora Gona with a scatter of Oldowan artifacts and bones scavenged large animals and killed smaller ones home bases where tools were left Examples flake tools choppers cores spheroids anvil stones Who made them A gahri P boisei H habilis A Afarensis Homo ergaster 1 7 mya 848cc brain size found by Richard Leakey in Kenya E Africa heavy thick cranial bone massive brow ridges occipital torus at back of skull long and low cranial vault cranium wider near base distinctive dentition Nariokotome boy most complete skeleton from 1 6 mya with long legs and fairly large brain size similar to humans in ramus and zygomatic arch different in chin occipital torus sagittal crest Homo erectus 1 8 mya 300 000 ya found in China and SE Asia average brain size 1000 cc Trinil 2 Discovered skull cap in Indonesia shows sagittal keel thick cranial bones prominent brow Peking Man found in China associated with weak evidence of fire Acheulean Technology 1 6 mya 300 000 ya found rarely in Asia all basic tool forms from Oldowan plus bifacial handaxes and cleavers that are more shaped and worked greater tool transport tools deposited 50 km or more from where they were made more importance of stone tools handaxes better made thinner more symmetrical over time Development scatters of bone and stone tools near ancient water sources catwalk site at Olorgesaile in Kenya controlled use of fire burnt bones in S Africa with H ergaster fossils and Oldowan tools from 1 5 1 mya after 1 8 mya hominins expanded out of Africa to Dmanisi where they found H ergaster fossils with animal bones and thousands of Oldowan tools skull of individual with no teeth found indicating someone was keeping person alive Middle Pleistocene 800 000 125 000 ya hominin populations often isolated from each other Homo heidelbergensis 800 150 kya found in Africa Europe Asia descendants of H ergaster and H erectus larger brains at 1100 1400cc higher foreheads rounded occipital thick cranial bone no chin robust postcranial bones Spain contains remains from at least 24 individuals at 300 kya wooden spear and horse remains at Schoningen at 400 kya Neandertals 300 000 30 000 ya lived in Europe and SW Asia descendants of H heidelbergensis outcompeted by our invasive population portrayed as cavemen cranium looks archaic long vault low forehead large brow ridges occipital bun in rear of skull no chin brain size equal or greater than that of modern humans extreme wear on outer side of front teeth Bronc bustin bodies hyper muscular with robust bones with healed fractures similar to rodeo cowboys and shortened limb segments for cold adaptation may have buried their dead Compared to modern human wider shoulders shorter and wider humorous radial lateral curvature indicating heavy loading of the forearms femoral indicates massive leg musculature and greater habitual leg force large finger tips low population density Mousterian tool technology fewer handaxes and choppers more flake tools more sophisticated ways of making flake tools levallois method prepare core by removing flakes along edges and top off pops a sharp flake of predetermined size and shape notches and denticulates hafting Homo floresiensis LB1 ancestral small brain size at 417 cc brow ridges no chin derived small teeth narrow nasal opening short face the Hobbit brain 1 3 size of modern human adult 3 feet tall lower limbs very short upper arm humerus straight rather than twisted lower arm ulna short and straight wrist bones and foot resemble Australopith or modern ape and H erectus more than modern human small size explained by insular dwarfing the island rule species shrink in size because of adaptive response to limited food supply shape of brain very different indicating not a pygmy or dwarfism Microcephalic dwarfism genetic disorder whose victims have small bodies and brains but sometimes near normal intelligence Homo sapiens face short and flat protruding chin small brow ridges small nose non prognathic high forehead small teeth large braincase with broadest point near top longer limbs and slimmer bones less genetic diversity than chimps suggests population expanded quickly from bottleneck around 90 kya Mitochondrial DNA codes for a small amount of genes and only inherited through the maternal line mitochondrial Eve with no recombination possible and little genetic diversity African populations show greater within group genetic diversity due to serial founder effect when a small population colonizes a new habitat and subsequently greatly increases in number Random genetic changes due to the small size of the initial population are amplified by subsequent population growth that accompanied expansion out