Anthropoid: refers to the group of monkeys, great apes, and humans (basically all primates except Prosimians)4 broad groups of primatesProsimiansNew World Monkeys (Platyrhini)AnthropoidRelatively small and arboreal (spend most time in trees)Many have prehensile tailsLive mainly in tropical forests in Central and South AmericaMany species live in large multi-male, multi-female social groupsArboreal quadrupeds (run on top of branches)EX: Woolly monkey, Spider monkey, Squirrel monkey, Howler monkey, Owl monkeys, Pygmy marmosetOld World Monkeys (Carcopithecoidea)AnthropoidA terrestrial quadruped skeletonCercopithecines: most at least partly terrestrial, omnivorous, live in large groupsEX: baboons, macaques, mandrills, languars, vervet monkey, olive baboon, mandrill, etc.A terrestrial quadruped skeletonThe only two non-human primate species living outside the tropicsEX: Barbary macaque, Japanese macaqueColobines: arboreal, colorful, feed on leavesHominoids (apes and humans)Anthropoid“great apes” (chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan)Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)Found in a belt along equatorial Africa.Quadrupedal knuckle-walkersLarge multi-male, multi-female groups are ‘run’ and defended by males that compete for statusChimps are highly excitable and can be ferociousMother-infant bond is an important lifelong relationship in chimpsStudied by Jane GoodallFound that chimps make and use tools to crack open nuts, get termites from mound to eat, etc.Found that chimps hunt and eat meatChimps can be lethal in combatBonobo chimpanzees (Pan paniscus)Slightly different morphology from common chimp:More linear buildlonger armsdarker facesQuite different behaviorally:Less aggressive in generalFemales play a larger role in group dynamicsSexuality (sex for anything, with anyone for a number of reason)GorillaLive in relatively small forested regions in equatorial AfricaExhibit marked sexual dimorphism in body sizeLive in one-male, multi-female social groupsGorillas are almost exclusively vegetarianOrangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)Only found in the rainforest of Borneo and SumatraVery large, cautious climbers that rarely touch the ground, mostly in treesOrangutans do not live in large social groupsFrugivorous: eat mostly fruits“lesser apes” (gibbons and siamangs)gibbons and siamangs are found in tropical SE Asiapair-bonded adults and offspring form a social unitmost distinguishing characteristic is their mode of locomotion - brachiationbrachiation: swinging around in a monkey bar fashion to travelhave long arms and fingers, but short legs because of thisHominins (humans and human ancestors)Primate Behavioral Ecology: Reproductive StrategiesBehavioral ecology 101Natural selection favors the strategies that increase fitnessStrategy: a set of behaviors that produces a particular course of action under certain conditions (foraging strategy, reproductive strategy)The term “strategy” does NOT imply conscious reasoning or intent by the organismThere is no “perfect strategy,” every strategy has costs and benefitsReproductive StrategiesBig targets for selection because reproduction is so closely linked with fitnessSelection often favors different strategies in males and females:Female success is directly related to her ability to obtain calories for herself and her offspring.In mammals, maternal investment is obligatoryFemales carry fetus internally and lactate to nourish infant after birthMaternal care is costly in terms of energy and nutrients requirednourishmentEx: increased need of Protein, Folate, Calcium, Zinc, IronTransportationWarmthProtection from dangerMale success is affected more by access to females than access to caloriesDependent upon access to females, not foodMales compete for mates in a number of waysBy being more attractiveBy beating up the competitionMale-male competition results in sexual dimorphismSexual dimorphism: traits that differ between the sexes in a speciesEx: body size, coloration, canine sizeBaboon males are nearly twice as big as femalesIn baboons, top-ranked males sire the largest proportion of the infants (graph in book)In chimps, high ranking males sire disproportionately high proportion of offspring Anthropoid: refers to the group of monkeys, great apes, and humans (basically allprimates except Prosimians) 4 broad groups of primates-Prosimians- New World Monkeys (Platyrhini)o Anthropoido Relatively small and arboreal (spend most time in trees)o Many have prehensile tailso Live mainly in tropical forests in Central and South Americao Many species live in large multi-male, multi-female social groupso Arboreal quadrupeds (run on top of branches)o EX: Woolly monkey, Spider monkey, Squirrel monkey, Howler monkey, Owlmonkeys, Pygmy marmoset- Old World Monkeys (Carcopithecoidea)o Anthropoido A terrestrial quadruped skeletono Cercopithecines: most at least partly terrestrial, omnivorous, live in large groups  EX: baboons, macaques, mandrills, languars, vervet monkey, olive baboon, mandrill, etc.  A terrestrial quadruped skeleton The only two non-human primate species living outside the tropics EX: Barbary macaque, Japanese macaqueo Colobines: arboreal, colorful, feed on leaves- Hominoids (apes and humans)o Anthropoido “great apes” (chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan) Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Found in a belt along equatorial Africa. Quadrupedal knuckle-walkers Large multi-male, multi-female groups are ‘run’ and defended by males that compete for status Chimps are highly excitable and can be ferocious Mother-infant bond is an important lifelong relationship in chimps Studied by Jane Goodall- Found that chimps make and use tools to crack open nuts, get termites from mound to eat, etc. - Found that chimps hunt and eat meat- Chimps can be lethal in combat Bonobo chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) Slightly different morphology from common chimp:- More linear build- longer arms- darker faces Quite different behaviorally:- Less aggressive in general- Females play a larger role in group dynamics- Sexuality (sex for anything, with anyone for a number ofreason) Gorilla  Live in relatively small forested regions in equatorial Africa Exhibit marked sexual dimorphism in body size Live in one-male, multi-female social groups Gorillas are almost exclusively vegetarian Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) Only found in the rainforest of Borneo and Sumatra Very large, cautious climbers that rarely touch the