Psych 1100 Midterm 1 Study Guide Lecture 5 Sensation Perception 122 131 135 151 1 Sensation is the physical detection of stimuli by sense organs where there are no biases where perception is the interpretations of sensory information and there are biases Transduction occurs between sensation and perception and it is translating information into neural information 2 Absolute threshold is the smallest level of a stimuli that you can detect change 50 percent of the time and detection is graded This is when you thought you sensed something but didn t actually Just Noticeable Difference is the smallest change in intensity of stimulus we can detect like the difference between two stimuli 3 Bottom up taking in info with no expectations Top down processing based on beliefs and expectations Ex you hear something once your told to listen for it 4 Perceptual sets allow for us to organize and interpret info based on expectations and perceptual constancy allows for us to perceive stimuli as constant across varied conditions It allows us to focus a lot and maintain attention 5 6 Brightness intensity of light that reaches our eyes Hue color of the light Acuity Sharpness of vision 7 Pupil hole where light enters the eye Iris muscle that control the pupil and color of eye Cornea Group of transparent cells that focus light on retina Lens changes curvature to focus images Retina membrane at back of eye where light is converted to neural information and it is part of the brain Fovea part of retina where light is focused Contains many sensory reflector cells 8 Rods receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light Cones receptor cells in retina allowing us to see in color The retina changes light into neural activity The ganglian cells depart the eye to reach the brain and the optic nerve travels from the retina to the rest of the brain 9 A blind spot place where optic nerve connects to the retina and it s a part of the visual field that we can t see We have it because there are no rods and cones there 10 Proximity objects close to each other are perceived as unified wholes Similarity We see similar objects as comprising a whole much more so than dissimilar objects Continuity We still perceive objects as wholes even if other objects block part of them Closure When partial visual info is present our brains fill in what s missing Symmetry We perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes more often than those that aren t Figure ground we make an instantaneous decision to focus attention on what we believe to be the central figure and ignore what we believe to be the background 11 Trichromatic theory proposes that we base our color vision on three primary colors Associated with color blindness Opponent process theory we perceive colors in terms of three pairs of opponent cells red or green blue or yellow black or white Associated with afterimages 12 Monocular depth cues rely on one eye alone Binocular depth cues require both eyes 13 Blindness motion blindness visual agnosia blindsight 14 Loudness amplitude or height of the wave Pitch frequency of the wave Timbre quality or complexity of the sound 15 Outer ear consists of pinna an ear canal and it funnels sound waves onto the eardrum The middle ear contains ossicles named hammer anvil and stirrup and vibrate at the frequency of the sound wave transmitting it from the eardrum to the inner ear Inner ear converts vibration into neural activity through the cochlea It is spiral shaped 16 The organ of corti They convert vibrations Ito neural information 17 Place theory pitch perception based on specific locations of basilar membrane Frequency theory pitch perception based on rate of neurons firing Works well up to 100 hz 18 Monocular one eye Relative size texture gradient interposition things in front of each other linear perspective lines that meet at horizon height in plane taller closer shorter farther light and shadow Binocular two eyes Binocular disparity one eye info is compared to info from the other on how far an object is binocular convergence how angled eyes are Closer more cross eyed development of depth more tome to develop perception of death visual cliff 19 Conductive deafness loss of sound perception due to malfunctioning of ear Nerve deafness loss of sound perception due to damage of auditory nerve but ears can still pick stuff up Lecture 6 Sensation and Perception 1 Olfaction sense of smell Gustation Sense of taste 2 Pheremones chemical signals that may influence social behavior sex responses 3 Sweet salty sour bitter unami meaty They are distributed throughout the tongue but not in localized regions 4 Touch is somatosensory Mechanoreceptors sense pressure and Free nerve endings sense temperature and pain The gate control model pain varies depending on psychological state We block pain from conscious awareness 5 Phantom Limb Illusion pain or discomfort felt in a missing limb Pain insensitivity impaired ability to feel pain dangerous Lecture 6 Consciousness assessment 1 Consciousness we could asses situations an it is adding a new layer of 2 Stage 1 Light sleep first 5 to ten minutes Muscles are loose Theta brain waves Hypnagogic imagery and hypnic myoclonia Stage 2 slow heart rate body temperature lowers slower brain waves theta Sleep spindles and k complexes Stage 3 and 4 fall into deeper sleep 10 to 30 minutes after beginning of sleep Delta brain waves occur REM Sleep dreaming brain is active body is inactive Increased heart rate and blood pressure irregular breathing middle ear muscle activity rapid eye movement cataplexy Also called paradoxical because the brain is active and the body is inactive 3 Sleep disorders 1 Sleep paralysis inability to move just after falling asleep or waking 2 Sleepwalking walking while fully asleep 3 Sleep apnea blockage of airway during sleep time Can cause daytime fatigue Continuous positive airway pressure device is a treatment Associated with being overweight and high stress 4 Night terrors different from regular nightmares Sudden waking episodes accompanied by screaming perspiring confusion Return to deep sleep after ad is a childhood disorder that is not harmful 5 Narcolepsy rapid and unexpected onset or sleep Cataplexy complete loss of muscle tone 6 Insomnia trouble falling asleep waking during the night or waking early Jet lag can occur Located in hypothalamus Controls melatonin 4 5 Stimulants increase activity of central nervous system tobacco cocaine amphetamine