3 17 15 Week 10 Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Reinforcement reinforcement occurs after every target response Partial Reinforcement sometimes the target response is reinforced sometimes it is not reinforced exactly the same every time ex so many times you have to hit a lever before you re rewarded ex working in a factory making so many products you get paid for them Partial Reinforcement Schedules 4 Types Skinner systematically studied what happens when you change the reinforcement schedules 1 Fixed Ratio FR there is a set number of times that you must make the response before you are reinforced 2 Fixed Interval Ratio FI there is a set interval of time that must pass before you can make the response get reinforced 3 Variable Ratio VR the number of times that you must make the response before you are reinforced varies from trial to trial 4 Variable Interval VI the amount of time that must pass before you get reinforced varies from trial to trial have to wait a certain amount of time every time ex train fish to hit target for food the first time he has to wait after he hits the target for food ex in hospital morphine button for when you feel pain but only works in certain intervals ex working as a telemarketer are constantly hung up on you never know how many calls you have to make before you get a customer to sell to ex never know how much time has to pass before you get rewarded again ex pop quizzes not reward unless you do well lol amount of time studied effects how ready you are for pop quiz you never know when the next one will be Operant Conditioning Tend to support high rate of responding if you know you have to respond a certain amount of times you will work harder because of reinforcement People will work harder when they know they ll be rewarded Fixed interval study right before exam then take a break Then study study study right before next exam Observational Learning acquiring knowledge skills rules strategies beliefs attitudes by watching others also called Modeling Social Learning Imitation Characteristics of Observational Learning eliminates trial error learning takes less time than operant condition involves 4 Main Processes Trial Error learning try all options that fail until something that actually works is found we begin imitating from birth but all animals aren t able to do that 1 Attention must focus have attention span to observe behavior 2 Retention have to be able to remember what that person did long enough to actually imitate often problems with adolescents because they quickly forget what to do 3 Motor Reproduction have to attend to it remember it but then physically carry out the task ex can watch tiger woods all day but we re not physically capable to actually imitate what they can do very sophisticated thought we have to actually recognize and interpret it physically to imitate it ex infant has to actually realize they have a tongue too to realize they can stick it out like you 4 Motivation even if you can do all of the other processes you have to actually feel like doing it ex little kid see a bank robber see them come out with money they think that s cool I want to do that because I want money but then he sees him tackled by police thinks never mind there s negative consequences Albert Bandura s Bobo Doll Experiment does watching aggressive behavior on TV will children imitate the behavior they see A Causes a person to act less aggressively B Causes a person to act more aggressively set up big group of children half watched woman on TV beat up a Bobo Doll big inflatable character bowling pin shape with face of clown has sand in the bottom that will wobble the other half watched a woman on TV with non aggressive play they let the kids go in a play room one by one recorded them there were plenty of toys also a Bobo Doll how did they act towards the doll or aggressively outcome they completely imitated the woman especially the one with the same gender Purposive Learning Skinner Behaviorism no such thing as free will it s an illusion that you are fooling yourself if you think your behavior is your own will The reason you do all of your behaviors is because you were once reinforced for that action Q if much of our behavior is controlled by rewards punishments do we really have free will A depends on who you talk to philosophical argument interview with Skinner Edward E C Tolman in opposition to Skinner s behaviorism Tolman emphasized the idea that much of behavior is goal directed purposeful he said I think people are much more capable of less mechanic behaviors it s goal directed have certain desires in mind Behaviorism no free will no expectancies no learning without rewards Tolman Goal directed beahavior form expectancies learning without rewards Evidence for Expenctancies Tinklepaugh s banana lettuce switcheroo experiment Latent Learning learning occurs even when responses are not being reinforced however it might not be immediately reflected in behavior Also called inplicity learning What Can we Conclude learning occurs all the time even without rewards punishments as we make association we form mental expectation about future events based on our past experiences we engage in behaviors allows us to achieve goals
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