Study Guide 1 SOC 3650 Lecture Terms Corrections The variety of programs services and facilities used to manage people accused or convicted of crimes Lex Talionis Law of Retaliation Galley Slavery 13th century free labor Slaves on row boats that are used as labor Transportation Simply get rid of the person from the space Exile England 1748 Allowed to lease that person s labor Leased out their labor to America s for long time Imprisonment Prisons Originally just to hold them to move Lots of abuse sickness assault because no separation Corporal Punishment Pain for the crime Eye for an eye Execution Death for the punishment Hulks Large abandoned ships made into floating jails Bridewell London 1557 Work house for minor offenders Where people learn discipline and work ethic rehabilitation Worked under a fee system and was very corrupt Classical School of Criminology 18th century work during the Enlightenment by the utilitarian and social contract philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria Becarria Punishment Utility purpose of punishment was deterrence Focus on law not individual offender Bentham Every out has utility Please maximizes or minimizes pain Focus on offender Hedonic calculus weighing pros and cons the process of choosing Free will and choice Designed the place for punishment Panopticon Prison ring of cells Everyone has logic John Howard Sherriff 1774 o Spent his life cataloging what happens in jails and trying to stop the fee system Was captured in France and sent to a jail where he got the idea Panopticon Made by Bentham ring of cells with observation tower in center not many built o Western State Penitentiary This style of prison in Pennsylvania 1826 Statesville A prison in North Carolina William Penn 1682 Quaker seeking religious freedom Progressive women and men equal freedom and respect but had slaves o Quakers involved in corrections reform o Cherry Hill Eastern State Penitentiary 1829 New facility after Western Penitentiary Had a really bad suicide problem Made for repentance o Walnut Street Jail 3 story jail made for solitary confinement Less severe offenders Silent rehabilitation spread to Europe for full scale About repentance o Pennsylvania System Passive more on rehabilitation New York System Industrial o Elam Lynds Congregate System During the day they work and eat together so not only solitary Brought prison stripes lock step and a contract labor system o Auburn Where Lynds did his work Reformatory Movement Roots back earlier outside of US Starts Post civil war o Elmira Reformatory 1876 New York Aimed at younger offenders 16 30 year olds School setting education vocational training strict discipline Trying to reform young offenders o Zebulon Brockway Superintendent of Elmira 81 success of offenders not returning Graded system used reward punishment Very strict and corporal punishment very savage if not with the system Groundwork for juvenile justice Probation and parole Progressive Era 1890 1930 Age of reform Crime close look at society Social problems Positivist School of Criminology Modern support probation and parole Criminals don t act with free will Criminals can be treated o Medical model 1930 60 Rehabilitation became the goal of punishment National success Case work study their final solution o Eugenics 1910 Well born 1907 passes sterilization law Nazi s used this idea for Patuxtent 1955 Maryland lab coats in prisons to understand criminals and help them lobotomy s happened Community Model 1960 70 Institutionalization is the problem Treating offenders in the community dissatisfied with prison distrust with government o Reintegration aimed at non violent offenders Crime Control Model Punitive Shift 1980 2000 o Nixon war on drugs o Didn t work Retribution deserves punishment just desserts eye for an eye Make them pay Deterrence Utility classical school motive Greater good o Actual or threatened punishment to reduce future crimes o Specific deterrence punish the individual to stop individual future crimes o General Deterrence Punishment serves as example to others Incapacitation Remove the ability to commit crime o Selective Incapacitation The need to keep punished away from society Rehabilitation medical model try to change individual o Restoring offender so they are able to be product in society o Nothing works successful and not successful programs Determinate Sentence Sentencing that imposes a sentence for a definite term Its main forms are flat time sentences mandatory sentences and presumptive sentences Indeterminate Sentence Sentence that permits early release from a correctional institution after the offender has served a required minimum portion of his or her sentence Mandatory Sentence The imposition of sentences required by statute for those convicted of a particular crime with specific circumstances such as selling drugs to a minor close to a school or robbery with a firearm Sentencing Guideline Development to deal with disparity discrimination Judicial discretion taken out o Presumptive Guidelines judges must follow o Voluntary guidelines suggested guidelines Court Context Location celebrity case high profile in community pressure to win background of the judge Jails Entry way to corrections Has daily counts Temporary facilities o Inmates mostly men young under 30 poor minorities 3600 jails in the US 500000 600000 inmates in USA o Largest jails in USA LA County Jail and Riker s Island o Holding Tank Where you wait for your trial if you cannot afford bail Cash Bail Money paid to get out of jail before your court date Surety Bond 10 fee Release on Recognizance Your word promise you will show up to court For minor or first offenders Preventive Detention Opposite of pretrial release Danger to community will not release Pre Trial Diversion Drug court homeless court When issues is more than criminality Podular Unit Square sides all cells center s living space with a officer desk in the middle Gives them free space and chance for officer to have his own discretion New generation jail Continuum of Sanctions Low Control High o Goes from fine day fine probation community punishment home arrest Intensive supervised probation jail shock incarceration prison o Fine Court requires convicted offenders to pay a specific sum of money o Day Fine Fine that represents one day of income for the defendant o Restitution Used alone or in conjunction with probation and requires completing of a payment o Intensive Supervised Probation Offender sees probation