4 2 2015 Week 11 Psychology Chapter 6 part 2 cont d Forgetting Q Are any of the episodes events that we experience recalled with complete accuracy we don t have to remember everything some things are meant to be forgot A No memories are reconstructions based solely on sensory input that was successfully encoded successfully retrieved attention to absolutely everything they aren t always perfect only stuff that you actually encode pay attention to can t pay False Memories inaccuracies distortions of our reconstructed memories that occur over time when we retrieve a memory it is susceptible to contamination by newly presented stimuli and information Experiments planting events in someone s memory bank that was completely made up they ll think that they just forget actually come up with a story about it happening Video Dan Schacter video http www youtube com watch v 4lisNg91 M0 researcher that studies false memories how memories get contaminated happen Q What about flashbulb memories Are they more accurate resistant to contamination A NOPE can still remember a memory that isn t even accurate subject watches people having a picnic doing a lot of activities few days later Dr has subject look at all pictures of picnic what they all did asks was there a Frisbee there did they do this quizzes him he ends up saying certain things were there but they actually weren t they were just in pictures of what actually didn t by the time 5 6 we can remember lots but less less before hippocampus isn t developed Amnesias 3 Types of Amnesia 1 Infantile Amnesia no early memories 2 Retrograde Amnesia loss of past memories right before 3 Anterograde Amnesia no new memory formation can t form any new long term memories after trauma to the head as time went on slowly his memory returned temporary retrograde amnesia accident loss of consciousness trauma to head after event can t remember anything up to Cognition Chapter 7 Part 1 Cognition Thinking Intelligence Cognition mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing information Organizing Information Understanding Information Communicating Information Mental Imagery mental representations that stand in for objects or events They have a picture like quality in our mind s eye very useful skill that we have we can picture visualize things that are outside of our view not present we can think about that object manipulate it endless ways also things that don t even exist gives us abilities to problem solve without actual trial error Q Why do we have this capacity to form mental images What is it for A helps aid memory so we can predict plan ex suitcases into car we can imagine it before we even do it for them to all fit ex Tetris Concepts mental representation of a group or category even when we re really small we can form concepts but can t actually utilize them until we re older children can t put representations of objects into things until about 7 8 Concept Formation we group objects events activities ideas that share similar characteristics Q Concepts are important because A make our lives faster easier more predictable Artificial Concepts Formal Concepts arise out of logical rules or definitions all those objects meeting the criteria are included those missing features are excluded often found in scientific disciplines ex triangle has 3 sides 3 angles Natural Concepts categories have general rules about what belongs we create a prototype or best example ex someone says bean bag chair is chair someone else might say no its different like lounge ex concept of bird a robin sparrow whatever may be what comes to mind because it best captures birdness your first thought of your vision of a bird is your prototype Hierarchies when an object fits into more than one category ex recipes might fit in more than one Subordinate category broadest Mid Level categories basic level concepts Subordinate category most specific Problem Solving moving from a given state problem to a goal state solution 3 Step Process of Problem Solving 1 Preparation identifying given facts separating relevant information decide what to wear what with what according to your needs is it clean what looks good 2 Production generate possible solutions or hypothesis ruling things out for comfort weather put together possible solutions Two ways 1 Algorithms step by step procedure that if appropriate will always result in the solution guaranteed to have a solution ex rubix cube install furniture with directions math problems 2 Heuristics a rule of thumb or educated guess advantage provide shortcuts to solutions disadvantage increased errors 3 Evaluation make sure everything looks good feels good evaluate your decision how did it work wear it all day evaluate all day Means end analysis how much effort money time do you put in to get maximum benefit Deciding if something is worth it going college w expenses to be a doctor worth it in the end Working backwards start with examples of goal state evaluate how it was attained
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