Chapter 2 1 Cortex outer covering densely packed neurons involved in higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input corticalization wrinkling of the cortex 2 Corpus Callosum thick band of neurons connects right and left hemisphere 200 million neurons allows communication 3 4 Lobes of Brain a Occipital contains visual center primary visual cortex processes visual information visual association cortex identifies makes sense of visual data b Parietal processes info from skin and internal body receptors for touch temp body position and possibly taste somatosensory cortex processes sensations of touch and pressure on the skin c Temporal contains neurons responsible for sense of hearing understanding meaningful speech primary auditory cortex processes auditory info auditory association cortex identifies and makes sense of auditory info d Frontal responsible for higher mental processes like decision making personality responsible for production of fluent speech planning problem solving memory storage assist with managing emotions motor cortex sends motor commands to muscles of somatic nervous system a Motor Cortex largely responsible for voluntary body movements found in frontal 4 lobe b Somatosensory Cortex processes sensations of touch and pressure on the skin found in parietal lobe 5 Aphasia brain bases language communication problem a Broca s Area affected individual understands what is said but can t form fluent responses not just motor issue usually in left frontal lobe speech difficulty b Wernicke s Area affected individual unable to understand speech affected individual unable to produce meaningful language can string together and pronounce words but meaningless usually in left temporal lobe comprehension 6 Spatial Neglect condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere results in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in left visual field 7 a Left Side of Brain seems to control language and writing logical thought analysis mathematical abilities processes info sequentially can speak controls right side of body b Right Side of Brain controls emotional expression spatial perception recognition of faces patterns melodies and emotions processes info globally cannot speak controls left side of body Chapter 5 profit from experience 2 1 Learning relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or practice ability to a Classical Conditioning associate stimuli that occur together think automatic reflexive involuntary Pavlov b Operant Conditioning associate behavior with its consequences rewards punishment think voluntary Skinner c Observational Learning learn by watching works with classical operant 3 Pavlov 1900 s Russian Physiologist discovered classical conditioning learn to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that produces the reflexes Unconditioned Stimulus Thunder Conditioned Stimulus Lightning Conditioned Stimulus Lightning Unconditioned Response Startle Unconditioned Stimulus Thunder Unconditioned Response Startle Brace Conditioned Response Startle Brace 4 5 a Stimulus Generalization when stimuli similar to CS elicit to CR greater the similarity stronger the CR Little Albert b Extinction disappearance to learned response follows removal of the US in the CC c Spontaneous Recovery reappearance of learned response after extinction d Higher Order Conditioning when a strong CS is paired with a new neutral stimulus once the new one also becomes a CS uses a CS to train a new CS vs use a UCS to train a CS 6 Conditioned Emotional Response an emotion triggered reflexively to a learned stimulus ex fear of dogs reactions to songs smells can all lead to phobias irrational fear of responses 7 Taste Aversion a Conditioned Taste Aversion develop a negative biological response like nausea to b Biological Preparedness tendency to learn certain associations quickly due to a particular taste just after 1 pairing potential survival value taste nausea 8 Operant Conditioning name given by Skinner learn change voluntary behavior due to its consequences a Thorndike s Law of Effect behaviors followed by pleasant consequences are repeated behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences are not repeated b Positive Reinforcement add or experience something pleasurable give a good c Negative Reinforcement remove or allow escape avoidance from something unpleasant take away bad leaving earlier to avoid traffic d Punishment by Application punish by adding something unpleasant give a bad e Punishment by Removal punish by taking away something wanted take away good 11 Reinforcer 9 The 4 ways to modify behavior are through positive and negative reinforcement punishment by application and punishment by removal 10 Positive Reinforcement is when you add something to make more pleasurable while Negative Reinforcement is when you remove something from something unpleasant a Primary natural unlearned meets a biological need hunger thirst touch b Secondary learned grades tokens gold stars money 12 Shaping reinforcement simple steps that leads to desired more complex behaviors 13 Extinction behavior stops if it is not reinforced Spontaneous Recovery reappears 14 Discriminant Stimulus lets you when if reinforcement is likely 15 How to make punishment more effective a Should follow behavior immediately b Should be consistent c Should be paired with reinforcement of desired behavior need to fill gap want to fill with good 16 Schedules of Reinforcement a Continuous behavior reinforced every time it occurs b Partial reinforced some but not all of the time a Behavior Modification use operant techniques to change behavior b Behavior Therapy use classical conditioning or operant conditioning principles to reduce disordered dysfunctional behavior and increase positive behaviors 18 Learning Performance Distinction The difference between what has been learned and what is expressed in overt behavior 19 Observational Learning learning by watching the behavior of another person or model Bandura a Attention learner must pay attention to model b Memory learner must be able to remember what was done c d Motivation incentive learner must have desire to perform the action Imitation learner must be capable of reproducing actions of models 17 20 a Pavlov discovered classical conditioning b Watson Little Albert study stimulus generalization c Skinner gave operant conditioning its name d Bandura learning by watching others e Thorndike
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