02 16 2015 Exam 5 EC answer grinch Key Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Ach o rapidly destroyed by Ach esterase o Cognition behavior glands and organs Biogenic amines o Dopamine issues with parkisons o Norepinephrine o Serotonin Impacts mood and behavior o Histamine During spring when pollen is out this activates nose o Brainstem and hypothalamus o Consciousness histamines mood serotonin endocrine regulation histamine dopamine Amino Acids some excitatory others inhibitory Neuropeptides 2 aa s endocrines and paracrines Nervous System Central Brain S C Peripheral efferent afferent Efferent PNS autonomic automatic something that happens on its own and Somatic can think about and change skeletal muscles conscious thought and activity Sympathetic Parasympathetic o Autonomic Somatic Both send signals from CNS to effector cells FIGURE 6 46 Somatic Neuron one Autonomic two Result EXCITES can only tell when muscles can contract Excites inhibit Innervates Skeletal muscle Smooth muscles cardiac muscles glands GI neurons Autonomic Nervous System Purpose regulate automatic visceral responses Method o Two opposing systems gas brakes o Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Most effectors innervated by both Cluster of cells ganglia not nucleus b c cell body has to be outside CNS Preganglionic cell body in CNS always receives stimulus vs postganglionic always talks to effector neuron Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic Why do these ganglion have to be in two locations Function Sympathetic Ganglion Location Spinal cord Pre neurotransmitter ACh Post neurostransmitter Norepinephrine Epinephrine Parasympatheti c Effector Organ ACh ACh Fight or flight gas Rest or regroup brake o Sympathetic subcategory Adrenal medulla inner part of adrenal gland d Ganglion that releases to plasma Epinephrine and norepinephrine aka adrenaline Distant organs Parasympathetic vs Sym FIGURE 6 44 Contract Pupil o Decrease cardiac output o Contract Bronchioles o Increase gut motility Dilate Pupil o Increase cardiac output o Relax bronchioles o Lower gut motility Sensory Nervous System CNS Purpose detect and relay info about environment around you to the Stimulus receptor afferent neuron s Stimuli o Pressure temperature light sound chemical Receptor o Afferent axon terminal s or specialized cells o specific to stimulus type o produce receptor potentials Afferent neurons s o Generate action potentials o Convey information to CNS Sensory Receptors Two Designs o 1 Directly by neuron end o 2 Receptor cell to neuron end Speed Difference If slow Whats he benefit Types are specific o Mechanoreceptors pressure or stretch o Thermoreceptors temperature o Photoreceptors light waves aka photons retina on eyes close eye and push on it you see light able to get those b c not used to dealing with higher pressure respond as you ve been hit with photons light o Chemoreceptors chemicals o Nociceptors painful stimuli heat or tissue damage Coding intensity location sensory transduction FIGURE 7 2 o code in way that brain can understand o How intense is stimulus change how do we cope with that component o Where on place in body are we experiencing this change o Intensity smaller stimulus small graded potential etc Variable stimulus small medium large Variable receptor potential GPs Variable AP pattern larger ones give larger action potential etc Size will never be different in action potential gonna be about the number magnitude why One can trigger the next and the next ex like dominos Variable neurotransmitter amount More action potential more neurotransmitters released When linger brain sees it as bigger amount can lead to problems o Location FIGURE 7 4 7 6 Increasing stimulus Increasing stimulus Increasing of NTS 1 Receptive field area covered by particular afferent neuron any stimulus that happens in this range is gonna be picked up by afferent and sent to the brain size related to localizing can have big receptive field worst localization ability inverse relationship or small receptive field goal to localize and put best position smaller receptive field is better narrow more specific density related to sensitivity low density bigger receptive field going to be hit by one stimuli LOSE SENSITIVITY higher density small receptive field going to register by two stimuli overlap possible get recruitment o FIGURE 7 8 B is hit so main receptive field however A and C hit as well just give off smaller signal o Venn diagram circles says if brain only gets message from B a c don t send a message overlap better localization in areas of no overlap only spot where both would send messages 2 Lateral inhibition sharpens the pattern contrast crossing over afferent literally crossing with parts of axons to do this suppression All are inhibited proportional to signal going through when damaged you rub it pain gets better when stop rubbing pain gets better lateral inhibition instead of painful stimuli rubbing and activating another and increasing signals to brain that will suppress it lower pain FIGURE 7 9 2nd job of afferent neuron try to be selfish and be 1 want brain to only be listening to what their sending so what they do is when they send message to brain also simultaneously impact their neighboring afferents and lower their ability of their signals to get to the brain o want to get message through and suppress their neighbors ex of rock concert tickets at union run there but knock everyone down in the process o Hyperpolarize their neighbors so they cant send as many messages Lateral inhibition on sides trying to limit signals o Processing Figure 7 14 Ascending pathway in CNS o Brain stem thalamus cerebrum with cross ex left hand to right hemisphere o To specific brain regions in charger of specific brain input ex visual auditory taste if damage with receptors around there can have damage with these Input can be impacted by output FIGURE 7 11 o Brain says when it wants to pay attention gets used to things Ex pants like in summer Somatosensory System Components Info skin gathers info from muscles bones tendons and joints Type free or modified afferent terminals o Themo and mechanoreceptors o Nocireptors detects products of damaged and immune cells When activated you feel pain detect products of damaged and immune cells nocireptors pick up on immune system signals and register those and tell e I am experiencing pain that is why muscles and joints are aching when we are sick the nocireptors pick up those immune systems Spatially related positioning in brain information
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