Chapter 11 Development 1 What abilities are infants born with a Newborns have a number of survival reflexes i Rooting nipple ii Swallowing iii Moro iv Grasping v Stepping Touch their cheek and they will open mouth and search for Put something on lips and they will swallow Startle them and they arch their back and fling arms sideways Put a finger in the palm and they will grasp the finger Hold them up and they ll step forward b Newborns orient towards human faces and voices c Newborns recognize the sound of mothers voice 2 What abilities aren t they born with a Many visual abilities i Newborns lack fully developed color vision b Newborns can t focus well at things beyond 8 to 12 inches c Infants won t respond to visual cliff until they ve been crawling for two weeks i Visual Cliff is a test for depth perception d Many basic cognitive abilities i Newborns haven t learned cause and effect relationships yet ii For newborns if they can t see it it doesn t exist 3 Jean Piaget a Children are active thinkers constantly trying to construct more advanced b Schema A concept or framework that helps us organize and interpret the world understandings of the world around us c Assimilation Interpreting ones new experiences in terms of an old schema d Accommodation Modifying ones schema so that it can incorporate new information 4 Piaget s Developmental Stages a Sensorimotor Stage 0 to 2 years i Children discover by sensing and doing ii Children begin differentiating old things and new things 1 Can observe this through habituation or EEG iii Schema of causality develops if A happens then B will follow iv Object permanence develops 1 The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are develops ability to take another person s perspective not perceived b Preoperational Stage 2 to 6 years i Language develops ii Theory of Mind 1 Crayons and candles video c Concrete Operational Stage 6 to 12 years i Conservation develops d Formal Operational Stage 12 years i Abstract thinking develops 5 Was Piaget Right a For the most part yes b Some things he wasn t exactly right about i Genes and social environment matter too ii Some kids progress faster than Piaget describes iii Transitions are not as smooth as his theory suggests An emotional tie with another person 6 Attachment 7 Attachment and Social Development a The quality of the mother child relationship sets the tone for many future social relationships i Harry Harlow discovered that monkeys raised without mothers had serious social problems when they were older ii Harlow tried to isolate the important mother factor 1 Food and Nourishment 2 Comforting physical contact 8 Functions of Early Infant Attachment a Safe Haven b Secure Base i When distressed an attachment figure provides a source of comfort i When in a new environment an attachment figure offers a source of affection and security that promotes exploration 9 Measuring attachment in Humans a In humans quality of attachment is measured using the strange situation test i Mother leaves room infant with stranger ii Mother returns then both stranger and mother leave b Focus is on the baby s response when mother leaves and when mother returns 10 Infant Attachment Styles a Secure attachment style In presence of mother child frely explores i ii When mother leaves child is distressed b Avoidant attachment style In presence of mother child may explore but less than securely attached i ii When mother leaves child rarely cries or shows anger c Anxious Ambivalent attachment style i Even in presence of mother child still shows anxiety ii When mother leaves child is distressed d Securely attached infants tend to show i Better social skills ii More persistent and flexible in solving problems iii Better grades 11 Early Attachment and Romantic Styles a Kristin Mickelson found that adults romantic styles are strongly correlated with the way their parents treated them b Early attachment may influence later close and romantic relationships 12 Moral Reasoning a Preconventional Morality before age 9 i Morality is guided by self interest b Conventional Morality early adolescence i Morality upholds conventional rules and laws ii Takes into account other peoples evaluations c Postconventional Morality late adolescence i Morality is guided by agreed upon rights and ethical principles
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