Psyc 304 Life Span Development Study Guide for Final Exam 1 What is the ecological systems approach to the study of human development Who came up with it Be prepared to give examples of each level Be prepared to recognize how effects can move across levels The view that in the study of human development the person should be considered in all contexts and interactions that constitute a life AKA bioecological model Urie Brofenbrenner Levels Microsystem People interactions between the target person and other individual places immediate settings in which the individual develops Mesosystem the relationship between parts of the microsystem Exosystem the resources of the community large scale institutions in a community impact is at a distance Example schools polis jails highways water supply hospitals wi fi access Macrosystem overarching cultural economic legal influence political systems laws religions lifestyle values the economy war and peace natural disatsers technology weather affects what your life is like Chronosystem time in history the broad sweep of time in history and the influence of specific events What do you call a group of people born within a few years of each other Why do we care How 2 does this complicate our interpretation of cross sectional studies they travel through life together affected by the interaction of their chronological age with the values events technologies and culture of the era Know what is required for cross sectional longitudinal and cross sequential designs What are 3 advantages and disadvantages of each design a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics Quickest and least expensive difficult to ensure that the various groups being compared are similar in every way except Cohort cross sectional age longitudinal a research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed repeated measures for months or years typically one cohort advantages change with age disadvantages slow takes a long time expensive select sample to start with crop outs from study cross sequential a hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages cross sectional and then follow those groups over the years longitudinal disadvantages age difference cohort difference most complicated advantages fast cheap quick start on potential developmental changes What do correlations indicate What do they NOT indicate Be prepared to recognize positive 4 and negative correlations in examples a number that indicates the degree of relationship between 2 variables if one variable is more or less likely to occur when the other does Positive correlation both variables tend to increase together or decrease together Negative correlation one variable increase while the other decreases correlation does not demonstrate causation What is an experiment how is it structured and what can it show Be prepared to recognize 5 independent variables and dependent variables in a study an experiment is a research method in which the researcher tries to determine the cause and effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one IV and then observing and recording the ensuing changes in the other DV used to look for CAUSATION require treatment group and a control no treatment group participants are randomly assigned to groups they cannot choose give a treatment to one group compare with control group cannot answer all questions because of practical and ethical constraints What is the major focus of psychoanalytical theories What are the stages in Freud s model of 6 development What happens if a person is fixated at one of the stages Psychoanalytic theory a theory of human development that holds that irrational unconscious drives and motives often originating in childhood underlie human behavior Stages oral birth to 1 year the lips tongue and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby s body and sucking and feeding are the most stimulating activities if frustrated over eat chew on pencil fingernails anal 1 3 years the anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby s body and toilet training is the most important activity child must learn to control pooping and other actions when to let it out and when to hold back if frustrated messy reckless defiant lets it out uptight stingy withholding holds is in phallic 4 6 years the phallus stage or penis is the most important body part and pleasure is derived from genital stimulation Boys are proud of their penises girls wonder why they don t have one results in important advances Superego conscience oedipal complex boys electra complex girls gender identity be like mom female be like dad male latency gential 6 12 years not really a stage latency is an interlude during which sexual needs are quiet and children put psychic energy into conventional activities like schoolwork and sports adolescence through adulthood intimacy with sexual partner 7 What is the major focus of behaviorism Why is reinforcement critical to this theory a theory of human development that studies observable behavior AKA Learning Theory because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned emphasis on unconscious hidden urges reinforcement is critical to this theory because it strengthens or increases behavior 8 What concepts does social learning theory add to learning theory What are the major premises of Piaget s cognitive theory Does this theory see humans as 9 passive or active learners Note this question covers a lot of territory learn from observing others modeling Active learners sensorimotor birth to 2 years infants se senses and motor abilities to understand the world Learning is active there is Goal infants learn that an object still exist when it is out of sight object permanence and no conceptual or reflective thought begin to think through mental actions preoperational 2 6 years children think magically and poetically using language to understand the world Thinking is egocentric causing children to perceive the world from their own perspective Goal the imagination flourishes and language becomes a significant means of self expression and of influence from others concrete operational 6 11 years children understand and apply logical operations or principles to interpret experiences objectively and rationally Their thinking is limited to what they can personally see