Hemoglobin Hb o Will bind Oxygen 4 Hb Hydronium ions allosteric Carbon dioxide allosteric DPG from glycolysis allosteric Carbon monoxide competitively with oxygen o Contributes to blood s buffering capabilities Albumin o Present in plasma Maintains osmolarity of plasma Maintains blood pressure and pH o Removes Hydronium ions Contributes to blood s buffering capabilities Immunoglobulin o Present in plasma o Regulates blood pressure and pH o Provides immunity Fibrinogen o Present in plasma o Activated by Thrombin Thrombin o Activates Fibrinogen o Synthesized by Vitamin K nonpolar vitamin Fibrin Prostacyclin o Provides clotting in hemostasis o Released by healthy endothelial cells during hemostasis o Interferes with stopped platelet recruitment Plasminogen o Activated by Plasmin o Solubilizes Fibrin destroys clot o Helps in orderly breakup of clot o Prevents Ischemic Hypoxia i e stroke Bilirubin o Created as a result of recycling RBCs o Excreted through urine feces or intestines o May cause jaundice if not excreted properly o Could turn plasma yellow Erythropoietin o Kidney endocrine o Component in RBC synthesis o Released as a result of low oxygen o Triggers RBC synthesis in the bone marrow o Too much erythropoietin may cause polycythemia o Insufficient erythropoietin released may cause renal anemia Folic Acid Iron o Component in RBC synthesis o Component in RBC synthesis o Needed for some enzyme activity o Can be sequestered by liver Will pull iron out from blood when sick to drive away pathogens seeking that iron o Epithelial cells regulates absorption 10 May increase above 10 if need more and decrease as Vitamin B12 necessary o Polar vitamin o Component in RBC synthesis o Inability to absorb vitamin B12 is called pernicious anemia may be caused by inability of parietal cells to release intrinsic factor o Intrinsic factor released by parietal cells is added to the bolus and binds to vitamin B12 so the ileum will be able to absorb the vitamin B12 Insulin o Provides nutrients for growth hormone o Promotes somatic growth o Regulates the absorptive state o Prepares body to work with nutrients Calcium o Required for Release of neurotransmitters Cross bridge cycling Either use nutrients immediately Or store them away for later glycogen triglycerides proteins binding to troponin in skeletal muscle from the SR binding to calmodulin in smooth muscle from the IF binding to troponin and to ligand gated calcium channels on the SR in cardiac muscle from voltage gated channels on the TTs o Increase bone strength o Reduce the likelihood of heart problems o Stimulates the exocytosis of neurotransmitters o Released by voltage gated channels in the cochlea calcium influx then causes the release of neurotransmitters which then proceed to the afferent neuron and then to the brain Potassium Vitamin D o Influxes into the cochlea via mechanically gated channels responding to noise stereocilia bending influx of potassium changes the membrane potential which causes voltage gated calcium channels to open o Nonpolar vitamin o Allows for calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract o Synthesized by UV radiation of a precursor molecule found in the skin o Converted to the active form 1 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D in the liver and kidney conversion is regulated by the parathyroid gland 1 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D calcitriol o created by the kidney via PTH stimulation and the liver o stimulates intestinal tract allowing calcium absorption o without the active form of vitamin D no calcium will be absorbed regardless of intake amount o A problem with either the liver or the kidney could lead to no active vitamin D Vitamin E o Nonpolar vitamin Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone GnRH o Releases luteinizing hormone o Releases follicle stimulating hormone Cortisol o Produced as a result of stress o Metabolic endocrine o Mainly impacts liver function o Increases blood pressure o Increases glucose levels via Bone reabsorption Fat catabolism Protein catabolism o Inhibits immune response to save energy o Inhibits growth and reproduction o Increases smooth muscle responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine in order to improve the functions of the sympathetic nervous system Oxytocin o As a neurotransmitter Allows for non violent social interaction Certain types of autism is triggered by oxytocin deficits in males o As an endocrine Acts as an endocrine 1 from the posterior pituitary gland Promotes lactation and labor contractions in women Function in males is unknown Endothelin 1 o Vasoconstrictor o Compound released by endothelial cells exclusively Bind to receptors on smooth muscle cells causing them to contract IGF 1 insulin like growth factor 1 o Released by the liver and bones Vasopressin Antidiuretic Hormone ADH o Affects blood vessels and kidneys o Vasoconstrictor o Secreted in response to low BP o Impacts how much water is reabsorbed urine concentration by controlling the presence of aquaporins in the collection duct Angiotensin II Nitric Oxide o Vasoconstrictor o Secreted in response to low BP o Vasodilator o Released by healthy endothelial cells to cause vasodilation in healthy areas during hemostasis Norepinephrine o Vasoconstrictor o Increases contractility of the heart at any EDV decreasing the ESV Epinephrine o Released from the adrenal medulla by the sympathetic nervous system o Vasodilation in skeletal muscle To allow oxygen to diffuse into the muscle cells to maintain aerobic conditions o Vasoconstrictor everywhere else in body To get oxygen to skeletal muscle quickly o Increases contractility of the heart at any EDV decreasing the ESV Growth hormone o Stimulates the liver and bones to release IGF 1 Causes cell proliferation o Primarily about creating new proteins o Stimulates muscle development o Mobilizes nutrients o Inhibited by somatostatin o Goes directly to organs and tissues and causes protein synthesis and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism Testosterone Estrogen sex steroids o Increase heart activity o Stimulate growth hormone o and IGF 1 secretion o Stimulates the closure of the epiphyseal plates o Promote outward growth rather than upward growth Aldosterone o Prolactin Somatostatin o Inhibited by dopamine Dopamine o Inhibits prolactin Thyroxine T4 o Inhibits growth hormone GH o Suppresses the release of Growth Hormone in anterior pituitary gland o Decreases the release of HCl in the stomach by parietal cells o Most abundant in circulation higher than T3 o Travels through the blood better than T3 o Binds
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