Final Exam Study Guide BISC 1001 Human Biology Professors Weber Lewis Final Exam 5 7 15 9 30 AM Chapter 12 The Senses How do the general senses work Questions for Chapters 12 22 o Receptors including naked nerve endings and encapsulated receptors monitor sensations such o Naked nerve endings are found in skin bones joints and internal organs they are the ends of as touch temperature pressure pain dendrites of the sensory organs o Encapsulated receptors are naked nerve endings surrounded by one or more layer of cells and are found in joints skeletal muscles and tendons o There are two types of pain somatic from injuries and visceral diffuse difficult to pinpoint o Molecules from food dissolve in the saliva and bind to the membranes of the microvilli of the o Taste buds recognize five flavors sweet sugar amino acids salty metals bitter alkaloids How does your sense of taste work receptor cells in taste buds sour acids and umami meaty How does your sense of smell work o Molecules bind to membrane receptors on olfactory hairs located in the olfactory epithelium which is in the roof of the nasal cavity which causes nerve impulses to be transmitted to the brain via the olfactory nerve How does the anatomy of the eye affect sight o There are three layers of the eye outermost cornea and sclera middle choroid ciliary body and iris pupil and innermost retina o The retina contains two types of photoreceptors rods photoreceptors that function in dim light and provide black and white vision and cones photoreceptors that operate in bright light and provide color vision and acuity detect light that o Muscles in the ciliary body control the shape of the lens which focuses light on the retina o The shape of the eye can impact vision nearsightedness elongated eyeball farsightedness short eyeball or weak lens astigmatism cornea and lens slightly disfigured presbyopia decreased resiliency of lens What is the structure and function of the ear o There are three layers outer auricle and external auditory canal middle eardrum ossicles and auditory tube and inner cochlea and vestibular apparatus o Sound waves vibrate the eardrum which vibrates the ossicles which cause pressure waves in the vestibular canal which travel through the vestibular membrane into the middle canal the waves travel through the basilar membrane into the lower canal hair cells detect basilar membrane vibrations Chapter 13 The Endocrine System How does the endocrine system work where they go into effect What do the pituitary and hypothalamus do o Small ductless glands secrete hormones which travel in the bloodstream to target cells o The pituitary gland a pea sized gland suspended from the hypothalamus produces a range of hormones it consists of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary o The anterior pituitary produces 7 hormones that have various effects GH TSH ACTH FSH LH MSH and Prolactin o The posterior pituitary secretes 2 hormones antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin o The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that responds to various stimuli light smells steroids nervous system blood infectious agents etc and monitors levels of hormones nutrients and ions in the blood it controls the anterior pituitary and secretes two types of hormones releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones What does the thyroid do o Produces 3 hormones thyroxine T4 triiodothyronine and calcitonin o Thyroxine and triiodothyronine accelerate glucose breakdown and stimulate growth and development o Hypothyroidism results in decreased metabolism coldness and feeling tired worn out o Hyperthyroidism results in elevated metabolism excessive sweating and weight loss What do the parathyroid glands do o Produce the parathyroid hormone PTH excessive production of PTH can lead to high calcium levels in the blood which can lead to bone loss and fragility as well as kidney stones What does the pancreas do as part of the endocrine system o Produces insulin and glucagon hormones that control glucose levels in the blood o While glucagon increases glucose levels in the blood insulin causes a rapid decrease in blood sugar levels after a meal What do the adrenal glands do o The adrenal medulla produces stress hormones adrenalin and noradrenalin these stimulate heart rate and breathing elevate blood glucose levels constrict blood vessels in the intestine and dilate blood vessels in muscles o The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids i e cortisol mineralocorticoids i e aldosterone and sex steroids Chapter 14 The Immune System What are the major infectious agents that your body must defend you against o Viruses organisms at the edge of life that invade cells and cannot reproduce on their own cannot be treated with antibiotics o Bacteria living organisms that can reproduce on their own and do not have to take over host cells can be treated with antibiotics What is the first line of defense o The epidermis and the keratin in the epidermis serve as physical barriers as well as the epithelial linings of the respiratory digestive urinary systems o Body secretions can impair bacterial growth and serve as a chemical defense against infection What is the second line of defense o Various cellular and chemical responses Inflammatory response redness swelling and pain initiated by chemical release that attracts macrophages and neutrophils white blood cells that help clean up sites of infection histamines dilate capillaries which increases blood flow and heat capillaries leak plasma which can speed healing chemicals like prostaglandin cause pain Pyrogens molecules released by macrophages exposed to bacteria act on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature and lower iron availability this decreases bacterial replication Interferons a group of proteins released by cells infected by virus which travel to other virus infected cells to inhibit replication slow viral spreading but do not help protect against already infected cells Complement proteins circulate inactive in the blood and become activated by invasion of pathogens in the body five complement proteins form a membrane attack complex which allows water to flow into the bacterial cells so that they swell burst and die o The immune system which identifies what does and doesn t belong and targets foreign What is the third line of defense substances in the body How does your immune system function o Antigens trigger an immune response and antibodies are generated as a result o Lymphocytes are receptors that detect changes