3 23 15 Endocrine System cont late Hypothalamus hypophysiotropic endocrine 7 stimulate 5 1 corticotropin releasing hormone CRH Adrenocorticotropin hormone ACTH tells us where we will end up with this process will be responsible for where an endocrine comes from and where it goes to names will be present 2 Thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH thyroid stimulating hormone TSH 3 Growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH growth hormone GH 4 Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH lutenizing hormone LH AND follicle stimulating hormone FSH 5 prolactin releasing factor PRF prolactin hypothalamus hypophysiotropic endocrines 7 Inhibit 2 1 somatostatin SS growth hormone GH 2 dopamine DA inhibit prolactin transmission To APG via portal veins Anterior pituitary hormones ACTH adrenal cortex cortisol TSH thyroid T3 and T4 GH liver plus IGF 1 insulin like growth factor 1 many organs and tissues protein synthesis synthesis carbohydrate and lipid metabolism FSH and LH gonads sex hormones prolactin mammary gland increase breast tissue milk Beta lipotropin we don t know where they go puts fats into circulation beta endorphin pain killer Posterior pituitary hormones oxytocin lactation and labor contractions function in males We don t know vasopressin blood vessels and kidneys Anti diuretic hormone ADH same thing as vasopressin used interchangeably Both also act as NTs in other parts of the brain oxytocin helps with social components not fighting over females autism has been linked to having oxytocin but not able to use it properly not sociable transmission infundibulum Extension of hypothalamus Thyroid gland two lobes straddling trachea below larynx composed of follicles 11 20 supercell cells make up the walls edged with follicular cells filled with colloid extracellular very active in the fetus brain development many brain development occurs because the neurons don t develop properly because the thyroid is not doing its job Thyroid hormones TH T4 aka Throxine most abundant in circulation T3 aka triidothronine how many idodines come with it 3and4 most active form best response Also made from T4 in effectors why more t4 3 24 15 T3 will get the most work done T4 transports better and if we lose an iodine while in transport were left with a t3 What is the chemical difference b w t3 and t4 iodine we have two t3and T4 so we have a better opportunity of ending up at the cell with a better outcome production of these two follicular cells have receptors for TSH TSH stimulates T3 T4 production in colloid colloid not in cell extracellular fluid so T3and T4 made outside of cell our thyroid hormones then inhibits TSH and TRH most cells in our body have nuclear receptors that bind T3and T4 Thyroid Gland contd thyroid hormones TH metabolic effects stimulate metabolism eq 2 happening heat is produced generate heat enhance use of metabolic fuels promotes effects of sympathetic NS happeneds faster if we have T s in the system neural development thyroid gets smaller as we age promotes effects of growth hormone most common endocrine system disease thyroid we want Ts to be in a certain range Disorders to function properly too much or too little T s Hypothyroidism too little T s commonly iodine deficiency would make T3 ineffective autoimmune disease sea salt does not contain iodine spike in hypo no negative feedback from TH T0 cant do negative feedback so high TSh overstimulate follicular cells because we cant stop production more colloid space bigger gland excess TSH secreted enlarged gland goiter fatigue Hyperthyroidism too much Symptoms cold intolerance bc they cant create enough internal heat increase weight commonly graves disease autoimmune disease auto self immune battling antibodies activate TSH receptor has the right shape and charge to be able to bind to TH receptors in cells the competitors agonist CRH TSH Thyroid gland T3 T4 then goes back and negatively effects our CRH and TSH but in this situation our Ts are effected by antibodies as a result T s will increase will increase feedback and our TSH level will decrease which will then drop our T s but our antibodies will be creating T s so we will not see a drop in our T s increase TH production enlarged gland goiter but negative feedback ineffective TSH levels will plumit but will not effect T s levels Symptoms heat intolerance decrease weight increase sympathetic nerv System scare easily Adrenal Cortex sits atop kidney ad atop renal kidney production CRH ACTH corticosteroids anterior pituitary actions mediate stress stress increases cortisol stress not enough food avail stress causes us to eat focus on now metabolic endocrine mainly liver increase glucose utilization break down bone breakdown of fat and protein so that energy is available and will eventually increase vascular smooth muscle responsive to Epi and norepi anti inflammatory inhibit immune responses inflammation helps immune system cure area cost reduction mechanism negative feedback on growth and reproduction 3 27 15 Adrenal gland Cont Disorders no cortisol Dead within days adrenal insufficiency not producing amount they should be will be weak glucose levels will be low drop in blood pressure AKA Addisons syndrome Cushing s Syndrome too much cortisol increased blood pressure misdiagnosed for their HB decreased immunity obesity decrease bone strength increase glucose misdiagnosed for being diabetic Processes regulating somatic growth somatic growth requires protein synthesis for cell division height growth of bones adding new cells at epiphyseal plates at ends of bones these plates get fused when we get high levels of steroids into the system prepuberty growth of other tissues based on cell proliferation via mitosis endocrine control of growth Growth hormone GH What will impact the level of GH in you GHRH and somatistatin secreted from anterior pituitary gland regulated by GHRH and Somatostatin highest levels during development growth spurts Actions primary stimulate IGF 1 from liver but bones too causes cell proliferation stimulates muscle development mobilize nutrients so we can make more cells other endocrines TH needed for GH synethesis and effect cortisol can inhibit growth Inhibits GH secretion opposes the effects of GH in tissues insulin promote growth sex steroids stimulate secretion of GH and IGF 1 closure of epiphyseal plates testosterone is anabolic 3 30 15 Regulation of Calcium Three systems involved in CA 2 homeostasis if ca is not at the right level other systems will fail 1 Bone a Contains 99
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