12 27 2014 StudyBlue printing of Exam 1 Exam 1 Stacy Lu Sat Sep 20 14 55 11 CDT 2014 Structuralism understand mind by analyzing basic units of though break down conscious experience Willhelm Wundt 1879 structuralist father of psychology Dualism dualistic nature of humans is what separates them from nonhumans Nativism nature men are born not made Ren Descartes 1596 1650 dualist heavy emphasis on separation between soul and body Functionalism determine function of behavior William James 1892 1910 functionalist focused on how actions help organism adapt to environment Actionalism how events ideas become associated in mind learning memory formation Hermann Ebbinghaus 1850 1909 actionalist studied memory and learning Materialism nothing exists but matter energy Empiricism nurture men are made not born Thomas Hobbes 1588 1679 materialist humans are inherently bad all behavior can be understood by physical processes John Locke 1632 1704 empiricist tabula rasa blank slate no human nature only ability to adapt to environment Max Wertheimer 1880 1943 Gestalt Psychology understand how people perceive information as a whole mind wants to organize things seen Immanuel Kant 1729 1804 A Priori Knowledge built into human brain doesn t have to be learnedA Posteriori Knowledge gained from experience in enivornment Charles Darwin 1809 1882 natural selection behaviors naturally selected if improve chances of survival reproduction Hippocrates https www studyblue com printFlashcardDeck deckId 12146648 note true 1 8 12 27 2014 brain is ultimate source of emotions thoughts StudyBlue printing of Exam 1 Aristotle focused on how humans should behave to maximize happiness anecdotal evidence B F Skinner behaviorist experimental analysis of behavior all behavior should be studied analyzed modify environment to maintain discourage a behavior Albert Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment 1961 children imitated aggression kindness when given opportunity showed children can learn aggression through observational learning children heavily influenced by watching adults boys more influenced by men girls more influenced by women Level of Analysis level of process studied not complementary no opposites Biological Approaches Neural cause brain Physiological cause internal chem f x s Genetic cause genes Evolutionary cause natural selection Experience Knowledge Learning cause prior experiences w environment Cognitive cause knowledge or beliefs Social cause influence of other people Cultural cause culture in which person develops Developmental cause age related changes Psychologists vs Psychiatrists Psychologists Psychiatrists have graduate degrees Ph D Psy D Ed D are physicians can prescribe medication have medical degrees M D Correlational Studies relationship b n already existing variables no variables manipulated CANNOT determine cause effect does NOT imply causality Experimental only method to determine cause effect https www studyblue com printFlashcardDeck deckId 12146648 note true 2 8 12 27 2014 StudyBlue printing of Exam 1 relationship b n Independent Variable is changed and Dependent Variable will change researcher controls changes in IV and observes changes in DV Self Report Methods people rate describe own behavior mental stateIntrospection personal observations of one s thoughts perceptions feelings Observational Methods researchers observe record behaviors subjects aware of being observed can only observe behavior not thoughts more natural for subjects Descriptive Statistics summarize sets of data all numerical methods mean median variability standard deviation Correlation Coefficient strength and direction of relationships correlation causation Positive Correlation same direction Negative Correlation opposite directions Strength of Correlation absolute value of coeff 1 00 to 1 00 closer to 1 stronger relationship close to 0 unrelated Descriptive Studies describe behavior of subject s w o assessing relationships b n different variables Laboratory Study researcher facilitates collection of data control over environment artificial setting Field Study researcher does NOT have control over experiences and environment naturalistic observation no control Longitudinal Time Span study same individuals over period of time Attrition when subjects drop out of longitudinal experiments Cross Sectional Time Span study people at one time Informed Consent privacy confidentiality everything is voluntary protection from harm no long term physical or psychological damage told free to quit at any time debriefing clear up white lies Double Blind Experiment both observer and subjects blind about treatment to avoid observer subject expectancy effects Observer Expectancy Effects experimenter bias researcher unexpectedly influences subject w expectations Subject Expectancy Effects different treatments in experiment induce different expectations in subjects affect subjects responses https www studyblue com printFlashcardDeck deckId 12146648 note true 3 8 12 27 2014 StudyBlue printing of Exam 1 Social Desirability Bias Hawthorne Effect data affected by subjects knowledge of researcher s presence over report good under report bad make answers more socially acceptable specific to Observational Methods effects weakened in longitudinal studies Sensory Neurons carry information from sensory organs into CNS Motor Neurons carry messages from CNS to muscles glands Soma cell body Dendrites INPUT increase surface area of cell Interneurons only in CNS carry messages from neurons to neurons collect organize integrate messages Axon OUTPUT transmit messages to neurons motor neurons Axon Terminal release neurotransmitters branches out to fibers called Terminal Buttons Myelin Sheath fatty lipid coating insulates axon speeds up movement of neural impulses Neurogenesis birth of neurons Synaptic Pruning less used neurons die more used neurons kept strengthenedhelps brain work more efficiently Acetylcholine Serotonin MEMORY formation muscle movement SLEEP regulation appetite mood Norepinephrine hormone neurotransmitter Adrenaline ALERTNESS Dopamine muscle movement PLEASURE https www studyblue com printFlashcardDeck deckId 12146648 note true 4 8 12 27 2014 StudyBlue printing of Exam 1 Gamma Aminobutyric Acid GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter reduce activity of neurons RELAXATION Endorphins increase sense of well being reduce sensation of PAIN prevents brain from receiving pain messages Central Nervous System CNS brain and spinal cord receive process interpret