EXAM 3 Study Guide NOTE Chapters 5 6 7 will be on the exam YOU KNOW YOU ARE READY FOR THE TEST IF YOU ARE ABLE TO Define learning Explain what classical conditioning is how it works and how it was discovered Describe the mechanisms of operant conditioning its application in the real world and the researchers who contributed to our understanding of the process Define observational learning and describe Bandura s classic experiments in the Introduce the study of memory including the basic processes of encoding storage area of observational learning and retrieval Discuss the four key characteristics of Encoding such as attention levels of processing elaboration and mental imagery Discuss the Atkinson Shiffrin box model of memory storage in detail including the concepts of sensory short term and long term memory Identify the basic mechanisms and limitations in the retrieval of information including the serial position effects Describe Ebbinghaus s work on forgetting and proposed explanations for forgetting problem solving Identify the basic types of amnesias and the effects of hippocampal damage Introduce the concept of cognition as it relates to mental images concepts and Describe intelligence and creative thinking Discuss the measurement of intelligence including the Stanford Binet and Wechsler intelligence tests test construction issues and the determination of developmental delay Describe several prominent theories of intelligence Review Outline This is an OUTLINE You need to fill in the details from your notes in class Chapter 5 Learning Learning relatively permanent change in behavior or mental process resulting from practice or experience Change in behavior and ability to change back Relatively permanent Neutrally mediated NOT plasticity NOT maturation Classical Pavlovian Conditioning associations between two stimuli Learning to associate two stimuli together preexisting S R relationships to new stimuli Fundamental building block of learning First demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov shown by virtually all animals Used dogs measured salivation Bell paired with food causes salivation Dogs learn to salivate to the Bell Bell Conditioned stimulus Food unconditioned stimulus Salivation to food unconditioned response Salivation to bell conditioned response 4 Things in Pavlov s experiment Conditioned Stimulus stimulus that starts out neutral Unconditioned Stimulus meaningful stimulus Unconditioned Response innate response to meaningful stimulus Conditioned Response learned response to previously neutral stimulus Properties of Classical Conditioning a learning process in which two stimuli become associated cause a change in behavior Acquisition period of time when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response Extinction gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior paired with an unconditioned stimulus decreasing or disappearing in classical conditioning this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer Spontaneous Recovery reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest rapidly after a spontaneous recovery period or period of lessened response If the conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated extinction will occur very Stimulus generalization stimuli that are similar to the CS conditioned stimulus will also elicit conditioned response to some degree Stimulus generalization gradient Classical conditioning in real life situations Conditioned Fear acquisition of fear to new stimuli Acquisition of Phobias formed when a person makes an association between a stimulus a predetermined outcome or negative particular feeling reaction exposure to the stimulus can evoke feeling or fear dread as the person worries that they are in danger Extinguishing phobias systematic desensitization flooding systematic desensitization removes fear responses to phobia by forming a hierarchy of fear involving the conditioned stimulus ranked least fearful to most fearful also uses relaxation techniques flooding faster less efficient more traumatic method demonstrating irrationality of the fear person faces phobia at worst under controlled conditions uses realization techniques to replace fear with relaxations Conditioned Taste Aversion and Taste Acquisition Taste Aversion ex jose cuervo puking not wanting to drink alcohol we are biologically prepared to make certain types of associations quickly permanently learn to dislike particular taste when it has caused illness in the past ex curry taste illness curry XavoidX Taste Acquisition ex coffee is gross but you like the way it makes you feel so you drink it Operant Instrumental Conditioning associations between a response its consequences Edward Thorndike scientist that first demonstrated the power of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior he called it instrumental learning in the beginning Pavlov used dogs Thorndike used cats Cats in puzzle boxes Trial and Error learning put cat in the box it won t like it but they always tend to get it boxes by themselves put cat inside box can t get out then puts tuna right outside of the box cat starts meowing scratching shows the cat that there is a lever for the cat to get out right before door opened that is the behavior that is more likely to reoccur in the to be repeated future good reinforcement now cat will always know that that is the behavior to get what it wanted Law of effect if behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend B F Skinner took work from Thorndike ran with it very influential man in psychological history studies entire career how is operate conditioning used to control human behavior hired by government to train pigeons used to send messages in the war crows are genius work in groups attack people he could train pigeons to do crazy stuff to modify their behavior Behaviorist can only study what is directly observable John Watson Skinner Terms Appetitive vs Aversive Appetitive good things such as food Aversive bad things such as shocks or punches Positive vs Negative giving something taking something desired away Reinforcement vs Punishment rewards vs a punishment Contingency Diagram Positive Reinforcement reward training Positive Punishment punishment training Negative Punishment omission training Negative Reinforcement escape avoidance training Shaping rewarding successive approximation of the goal behavior until the goal behavior has been mastered Schedules of reinforcement Continuous
View Full Document
Unlocking...