study guide lecture book other Developmental psychology Lectures Chapter 11 down syndrome three copies of the 21st chromosome smoking during pregnancy can cause premature birth being underweight and problems later in life fetal alcohol syndrome characteristic facial features reduced brain volume attention behavior problems in children schemas mental frameworks that help interpret information cognitive equilibrium harmony between our thought processes and our environments infants won t respond to the visual cliff until they ve been crawling for two weeks newborns lack fully developed color vision newborns can t focus beyond 8 12 inches newborns recognize mother s voice and orient to human faces and voices Rooting reflex touch the cheek of a baby and they open their mouth and search for a nipple helps the baby nurse Habituation Schema Difference between assimilation vs accommodation assimilation interpreting one s new experiences in terms of an old schema no changes to the existing schema are required to add the new instance interpret information based on existing schemas want to fit things to our current understanding ex baby thinks everything is food tries to eat everything ex baby calls first deer it sees a horsey accommodation modifying one s schema so that it can incorporate new information the schema must be adapted to fit the new information accommodate or adjust to new experiences ex a ball can t be eaten but it can bounce so now everything is food or bounces Piaget s 4 stages of cognitive development and what abilities arise during each one Sensorimotor stage 0 2 years children discover by sensing and doing children begin differentiating old things from new things can observe this through habituation or EEG measurements schema of causality develops if I do A then B happens object permanence develops babies experience things through their senses especially putting things in their mouth they live in the present and are scared of new things people Preoperational stage 2 6 or 7 years language develops Theory of Mind develops ability to take another s perspective driven by egocentrism Concrete operational stage 6 12 years changes in the forms of the object conservation develops mass volume number remain the same despite the see beyond one aspect of an object or problem Formal operational stage 12 years abstract thinking develops understand things such as hypothetical questions Object permanence Conservation object Theory of mind relationships caregivers the object is still there it still exists even if you can t see it if a pocketwatch was hidden infants wouldn t search 8 month olds would the awareness that things still exist even when they re out of sight mass volume number remain the same despite the changes in the forms of the changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity ability to take another s perspective emerges in children around three to four years old Functions of a secure attachment safe haven secure base the quality of the mother child relationship sets the tone for future social children s temperament type interacts with the quality of their attachment to safe haven when distressed an attachment figure provides a source of comfort secure base when in a new environment an attachment figure offers a source of affection and security that promotes exploration Kohlberg s stages of moral development and what moral reasoning is based on in each one Preconventional morality before age 9 morality is guided by self interest Conventional morality early adolescence morality upholds conventional rules and laws takes into account other people s evaluations Postconventional morality late adolescence morality is guided by agreed upon rights and ethical principles egocentrism children have limited abilities to understand points of view other than their own Infant Attachment Styles Secure 66 of US babies child explores may return for reassurance no mom the kid is distressed but mom returns and child goes for contact tend to show better social skills later in school solving problems persistent and flexible better grades Avoidant 20 and kid avoids her Anxious Ambivalent 12 may explore but not much mom leaves and kid doesn t care mom returns mom doesn t provide comfort mom leaves and kid is distressed mom returns and kid doesn t know if it wants to be touched or not Social psychology Lectures Chapter 13 Fundamental attribution error when explaining another person s behavior we overestimate the impact of dispositions person s trait underestimate the impact of the situations Autokinetic Effect studied how likely people were to conform Factors that increase attraction proximity we like people who are nearest to us similarity we pair with people who are similar in age education economic status personality physical appearance ethnicity religion political attitudes interests and physical attractiveness in general averaged faces faces morphed with our own women large eyes prominent cheekbones narrow cheeks small chin small nose men large eyes prominent cheekbones broad jaw broad forehead Mere exposure effect we begin to like things that we are exposed to repeatedly physical arousal creates attraction most modern marriages end in divorce Difference between passionate love vs companionate love and which one predicts long term relationship stability companionate LONG TERM often associated with emotional intimacy not associated with physiological arousal more stable over time longer more satisfying marriages passionate usually present at the beginning of a relationship lust vs love dies off around the time it would take for a woman to become pregnant 3 months or so What is the relationship between the of bystanders at an emergency and the likelihood that somebody will offer help the more people the less any single person feels a sense of responsibility to act What are two things that cause this relationship diffusion of responsibility see above pluralistic ignorance we constitute something as an emergency based on how other people react like it s an emergency lots of people not doing anything is not an emergency What were the results of Milgram s obedience study no participants stopped before 300v 63 of participants obeyed instructor all the way to the last switch 450v In what situations is destructive obedience most likely authority figure close at hand authority figure is legitimate and prestigious no defiant role models when you see someone else obeying already
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