Astronomy Clusters of Galaxies Millions of galaxies There are many galaxies around our own Our local group is within about 3 million light years The Virgo cluster is part of our local group Why would galaxies exist in groups There are density fluctuations Different theory galaxies form independently and then get attracted to each Supermassive black hole at the center of the Virgo cluster other The evidence for this is cannibalism Gravitational lensing when light goes through the dark matter the dark matter will exert a force on the light So you see light that you otherwise wouldn t see This is evidence for dark matter hypothesis Local supercluster There are big voids between superclusters no matter at all If you have an imperfect lens then you have an astigmatism Energy is also matter Hydrogen and helium was the universe for the first part of the universe Quasars Objects which are very far away Galaxies which were formed during the early times of our universe They are moving away from us very quickly The hydrogen spectrum are extremely red shifted Red shift ratio in the change of the wavelength compared to the actual wavelength They give continuous radiation from the entire electromagnetic spectrum The peak of the wavelength is not in the visible The peak is in the UV Billions of light years away Moving at almost the speed of light They have active nuclei Activity of Galaxies All galaxies have very active centers You have a very high density of stars in the middle of the galaxy Every 1 AU you have a sun this is at the center of the galaxy 100 suns between the sun and the area that Jupiter sweeps The radiation doesn t come from the black hole Radiation coming from a charge that comes from a particles that is Solar winds piles up that produces a giant magnetic field decelerating Synchrotron particles accelerated in a circle Cosmology The language is math Curved space we know this by using lower dimensional tools The shortest path is followed by light The geodesic is the shortest path between two points on a curved surface If we constrain the light to a curved sphere Negative Curvature C 2pir Euclid s postulates are only valid if space is flat If N to r is a straight line then you live in flat space If the universe
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