EXAM 2 Subcellular Composition o Ions have a charge aka electrolytes Net positive charge cation ex Ca2 H Net negative charge anion ex Cl o Free Radical single e in outer orbit unstable don t like being alone want full shell gonna grab any electron that they can REMOVES e from another OXIDIZING agent We make free radicals o Effective against pathogens clear out when done so they don t cause damage to us indiscriminant o We want but only make when really need them when we are healthy we do NOT want them around otherwise they will attack us and our cells o Need to be NEUTRALIZED donors ex Vitamin A D antioxidants o Ex Superoxide anion Nitric oxide Hydroxide Molecular bonds o Covalent o But not always equally creates partial charge sharing of e if equally there is no charge o Terminology based on water and oil AKA lipids fats Polar molecule vs Nonpolar molecule Hydrophilic polar vs Hydrophobic nonpolar Lipophobic polar vs Lipophilic nonpolar Amphipathic both Crucial b c two don t mix well together o LIKES DISSOLVE LIKES o VERY strong bond of the sharing of two electrons ex water is not easily broken o Non covalent Ionic electrical attraction between anions and cations Ex salt in us when ingested it dissolves breaks down into individual ions surrounded by water STRONG w o water water is so weak in the body Hydrogen Bonding interaction with bound H Weak What holds water together cohesion Hydrophobic avoiding polar Weak bond Plasma Membrane o Functions barrier boundary Regulates movement in out within the cell Binds chemical messengers cell surface is important Holds cell in EC matrix Allows for cell s shape and motility Allows for cell to cell contact ex cells tissues organs o Components in fluid mosaic form move relative to each other Phospholipids main building block nonpolar component P head and 2 NP tails amphipathic Spontaneously form bilayer o Can make membrane without having to put energy in it o It builds itself Cholesterol Amphipathic Need cholesterol in the Plasma Membrane Key critical function is vesicle formation o Get big things in and out of cells movement Proteins 1 Integral Serve as channels receptors anchors o Channels go through and across PM receptors transmitters anchors stay in place Amphipathic Not removable integral part of Many transmembrane across the membrane membrane 2 Peripheral Impact shape and motility o Polar o Cytosolic surface inside membrane Glycocalyx identify ourselves cells interact Allows for ID and interaction o Short branched carbs sugars o Gives fuzzy surface looking at the outside Junctions for Interactions connect ourselves up to make tissues then organ components Needs cells connected together to make tissues by these junctions 1 Gap Junctions Channels thinking two cytosols fluid inside of cell o ALLOW interstitial fluid flow 2 Desmosome Protein linkage between cells o Not a channel not able to move through no fluid passage hold gap together at that one spot o Spot Weld o ALLOW interstitial fluid flow 3 Tight Junctions think 3D joining of plasma membranes o All the way around our cell not just at one spot o Forms band around cell o They BLOCK interstitial fluid flow o Good for digestive tract skin Epithelial cells typically have tight junctions so have barrier b c of traveling inside of cells to outside of cells secrete and absorb ions and organic matter Cellular Metabolic Pathways o Energy Source ATP adenosine triphosphate Phosphate bonds are high energy when remove one we release energy energy can be put to use ATP ADP Pi E equation 1 Making of ATP 1 Substrate level of phosphorylation o Bound Pi transferred from ADP ATP X ADP XPi o Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Creatine in muscles 2 Oxidative phosphorylation Electron Transport System o A lot more ATP coming out of this process o Energy input allows unbound Pi to bind ADP 1 Glycolysis breakdown of glucose carbs Carbohydrate sugar usually glucose Start carb catabolism Series of 10 NZ enzymes rxns o ase enzyme ending Location cytosol intracellular fluid Going to get us ATP so net production 2 ATP H o Going to cause issues b c proteins don t like change in pH o Aerobic pyruvate with oxygen it or not 2 Krebs Cycle o Anaerobic lactate w o oxygen o Does NOT require oxygen Regulation concentration of ATP is high should do When concentration of ADP is high should make less of them more to make ATP Product decides how much we run it whether we need AKA citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle Start o Mainly pyruvate from glycolysis o BUT can use protein and fat catabolism products Series of 8 NZ rxns Location mitochondria if cell does not have mitochondria RBC s only create ATP from glycolysis cannot use Krebs cycle only use glycolysis Net production 2ATP H CO2 o O2 indirectly required o If we run Krebs cycle in anaerobic condition it would stop b c coenzymes require oxygen to be recycled and these are necessary for the cycle to work Regulation concentration of ATP is high when we have lots of ADP present increase it to make more ATP Start H and coNZ coenzymes from glycolysis and Krebs Location mitochondria RBC s do not do ETC b c not mitochondria Net production 34 ATP made b c oxidative phosphorylation also make H2O recycled coNZ s o Oxygen is directly required end step of reactions This is the one we want to have make a ton more ATP Note instead of H2O can produce free radicals instead than the two other processes and OH O2 Figure 3 46 o EQ 2 3 Electron Transport Chain Membrane Transport o Like a fence big NP area therefore polar things are going to have a hard time moving through it o Unaided movement depends on Small size Nonpolar o Results for others Ex small polar large Doors and windows for our cells regulated by proteins Proteins acting as channels Proteins acting as transporters o Diffusion basics etc Things in the environment everything is in motion molecules Random movement Figure 4 2 how quickly we get from time a to time c going to be the differences associated with area 1 and 2 Movement from high to low concentration by diffusion things will go to the area towards low concentration Dependent on Permeability easier it is to cross higher permeability lower permeability harder to cross As permeability goes up diffusion goes up direct relationship Surface area of interface how much space there is for exchange to occur Lungs digestive system ton of surface area SA direct relationship w Diffusion Rate will be bigger with bigger surface Concentration gradient bigger higher diffusion Direct
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