Chapter 8 Psychosocial Development Baby s Perception of Emotion Still Face or Stony Face Paradigm 1 Mom interacts normally with baby 2 Mom is still face 3 Baby attempts to get re engage Mom 4 Mom re engages baby 5 Baby shows relief Six Universal Facial Emotions Paul Ekman 1 Happy 2 Fear 3 Anger 4 Sad 5 Disgust 6 Surprise It is easy for us to read these emotions o Universal evolutionarily old not culturally bound o Present from birth must be important o Reliable and valid way of interpreting intentions of others Baby s Expression of Emotion First Signs of Emotion Crying o Hunger anger frustration and pain By 6 months of age o Presentation by baby of Universal Emotion in place Self Conscious vs Self Awareness Self Conscious o Peaks in adolescence o Embarrassment envy Self Awareness o A cognitive understanding of A recognizable and separate identity from rest of world 15 24 months o Beginning of empathy and moving away from egocentrism i e towards allocentrism Theory of Mind Do you understand my mind Gaze What are you looking at Self Awareness Studies Primate Self Awareness Gallup The Mirror Test late 60s o Observation of reaction of primates as they view their own mirrored reflection o Given mirror for 8hrs day up to 2 weeks Mirror Test Part One Initially Eventually Mirror Test Part Two AKA Rouge Mark Test awareness Implications o Humans non humans treat reflection as other individuals o Self exploration or inspection of body parts they couldn t normally see o Similar to inspecting a bald spot Do I look fat in these jeans o Bright red mark on one eyebrow ear nose o Do you notice this mark or not o Considerable time spent inspecting mark strange part of their body o Internalized identity that permits recognition of an external representation of themselves the mirror image I have a distinct physical existence o This distinct existence permits knowledge that I am observer and I am observed Developing Temperament What are the traits associated with a baby labeled o Easy o Difficult o Slow to Warm children Temperament Think of one disadvantage and advantage of parenting each of these 3 types of Temperament is the innate or genetically based aspect of an individual s psychological traits o Different than personality o Robust unchanging lifelong o Reactivity unreactive mellow vs reactive anxious Goodness of fit o Addresses interaction of parent child o Active parent active baby o Cuddling mom non cuddling baby Toddlerhood Temperaments Easy 40 o Happy temperament o Regular feeding and sleeping schedules o Readiness to accept new experiences o Likes new foods o Smiles at strangers o Little fussing o Adapts quickly to newness Difficult 10 o Irritable temperament o Sleeps and eats irregularly o Suspicious of new situations o Frustrated easily tantrums More frequent and last longer o Adjusts slowly to change Slow to Warm Up 15 o Mildly intense reactions to both positive and negative situations o Responds slowly to change o Mildly negative to new stimuli situations people o Slowly OK with repeated and pleasant exposure Who wants a difficult child Parenting of different temperaments Easy Baby o Advantages child s safety o Disadvantages Parents have a lot of confidence in their parenting and perseveres the Some of the confidence of parenting is falsely gained There haven t been any challenges while parenting the child May not know what to do in every situation Slow To Warm Baby o Advantages Difficult Baby o Advantages Parent has a lot of confidence have more than the easy because children start out difficult and they shepherd them through to easy o Disadvantages Confidence is gained in a false way Have a small tool kit if a difficulty comes their way Tool kit is huge it will force you to strategize to try different things Learn patience different strategies You are constantly problem solving No one is going to take the baby This baby is at risk for being hurt because of the frustration of the o Disadvantages parent What is the purpose of attachment 1 Safe haven 2 Secure base How do you know it exists 1 Proximity maintenance 2 Separation distress 3 Stranger anxiety Mary Ainsworth s Strange Situation 1967 Attachment o Reciprocal enduring emotional tie between child and caregiver Looked at differences in the quality of child caregiver relationships and attachment The Strange r Situation child is 10 months 2 years of age hour o Baby mother and stranger in room together room in a psychology department o Mother leaves o Baby is alone with stranger o Mother returns reunion o Mother and stranger leave o Baby alone o Stranger returns o Mother returns reunion Reunions were important in determination Categories of Attachment Secure 65 o Mother is secure base for exploration o Baby demonstrates stranger separation anxiety o Calms down when mom returns o Cooperative with stranger Insecure Avoidant 20 o No apparent stranger or separation anxiety Although a heart monitor shows otherwise o Mother is avoided when she returns o Child appears to be angry or frustrated Ambivalent Resistant Insecure 15 o Anxious before mother even leaves o Extreme stranger and separation anxiety o Little exploration very clingy o On mother s return does not calm o Hits mother hug her violently kick squirm 4th category 86 Mail Solomon o Disorganized disoriented o General look of confusion daze o Least secure Over represented by abused and neglected children Ainsworth Caregiving Scales Used to rate a caregiver way of being with his her baby Sensitivity o Does caregiver notice baby s signals Example if frustrated do you recognize as such Acceptance o How much acceptance vs rejection caregiver demonstrates Example if frustrated do you criticize or attempt to help Cooperation o Whether caregiver cooperates with the baby s desires and patterns Imposing own schedule Ex Now we re going to play with Legos Emotional accessibility o How available caregiver is overall and how often baby was ignored Example are you on your phone Ainsworth s Findings Caregivers of securely attached infants were are more o Responsive to child s cutes o Pick them up faster when cued o Held them longer when child wanted And with more pleasure o Better at Mutual Regulation Responding to mental emotional states At one year of age these babies o Cried less o Demanded less physical contact o than babies whose mothers had responded less frequently or consistently Separation vs Stranger Anxiety Stranger Separation o Wariness of unknown person o Distress when familiar