4 7 Week 12 Problem Solving cont d Heuristics a rule of thumb or educated guess our best guess of what s going to solve problem disadvantage it s wrong increased errors Working backwards start with examples of goal state evaluate how it was attained Creating sub goals large problems broken down into manageable steps ex graduate schools work up to it al it s not as hard as everyone looks at the big picture Barriers to Problem Solving Incubation some problems require a period in which we allow the most pertinent facts to come into focus allowing the distracting or irrelevant info to fade from our minds Mental Sets what has worked before Functional Fixedness conventional uses only traditional ways ex working on a crossword absolutely can t figure it out after 30 minutes you give up wake up the next morning think of it right away Creativity ability to produce valuable outcomes in a novel new way most of the time we measure the creativity by how many new ways as you can think of Divergent produces many solutions to the same problem Convergent many facts from many sources they all come together to make the same conclusions many books have common themes moral Intelligence General capacity to benefit from experience to acquire knowledge and adapt to changes in the environment It is a hypothetical construct that is defined by tests used to measure it and the culture in which it exists Cognition Chapter 7 Part 2 Intelligence Language Intelligence Tests Dr Alfred Binet French psychologist who invented the first intelligence test Why To identify children that were not able to learn as readily as others so that they could be given remedial education How Developed a series of questions that got progressively more difficult Tested child s mental age and compared it to the child s actual age or chronological age Example Successfully answering questions that the typical 7 yr old can answer but unsuccessfully answering questions a typical 8 yr old can answer would give you a mental age of 7 Intelligence Quotient comparing mental age with chronological age multiplied by 100 IQ MA CA x 100 new test called the Stanford Binet IQ Test Wechsler Tests developed different IQ tests specifically for adults children has verbal score a performance nonverbal score an IQ score IQ Score Distribution Individual Differences in IQ Developmentally Delayed behavior cognitive skills are at an earlier development stage than the skills of others who are the same age Gifted Behavioral and cognitive skills that are more than 2 standard deviations above the mean IQ above 130 Spearman G factor general intelligence ability to reason problem solve S factor specific intelligence special gift in a particular area Sterberg believed there were 3 different types of intelligence Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Analytical intelligence the ability to analyze judge evaluate compare contrast Creative intelligence the ability to create design invent originate imagine Practical intelligence the ability to use apply implement put ideas into Gardner believed that there were 9 different types of intelligence Verbal Mathematical Spatial Bodily kinesthetic Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist Existentialist
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