KAAP220 Exam 3 Joint Classifications by Motion 1 Synarthrosis no movement bones tightly congruent very strong SIMPLE a Sutures sewn together irregular shape ex b w flat bones of skull b Gomphosis bolted together ex binds teeth to bony sockets in jaw c Synchondrosis 1st rib pair to sternum open epiphyseal growth plate d Synostosis fusion of 2 bones frontal bone ex ossified epiphyseal growth plates of long bones closed 2 Amphiartrosis little movement bones connected by collagen fibers cartilage stronger than diarthrosis simple a Syndesmosis bones connect by fibrous band or ligament ex interosseous membranes distal joints b w tibia fibula b Symphysis bones separated by wedge pad of fibrous cartilage ex Pubic symphysis intervertebral joints 3 Diarthrosis freely moveable permit wider range of motion COMPLEX typically located as upper lower extremities AKA synovial joints a Synovial knee hip Joint Classifications by Structure 1 Fibrous a Suture b Gomphosis c Syndesmosis 2 Cartilaginous a Synchondrosis hyaline cartilage growth plates b Symphysis fibrocartilage good shock absorbers intervertebral discs 3 Synovial a diarthrosis or synovial synostosis not included b c fully ossified only switch is b w syndesmosis synchondrosis chondro Synovial Joint Structure bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity fluid articular cartilage prevent bone contact freely moveable most joints in body 1 Joint Capsule dense fibrous contains articulation joint reinforced by ligaments tendons 2 Articular Cartilage covers articulating surfaces of bones prevents wear to ends of bones reduces friction 3 Synovial Membrane thin layer b w joint capsule and cavity lines inside of joint cavity except where articular cartilage is produces synovial fluid 4 Synovial Fluid thick slippery contained within join capsule Lubricates hydrostatic pressure extremely low coefficient of friction Nutrient Supply circulates nutrient waste to and from avascular cartilage movement is critical Shock Absorption distributes high impact forces evenly shear thickening fluid Accessory Structures a Articular Discs fibrous cartilage situated b w opposing bones increase joint congruity distributes forces ex menisci b Bursa Tendon Sheaths fluid filled sacs synovial fluid around many joints acts as cushion b w ligaments tendons muscles bones etc minimize friction not always there c Glenoid Acetabluar Labrum lip of fibrocartilage around joint deepens socket increase joint congruency and stability 3 Basic Types of Joint Motion 1 Gliding slides in any direction across plane of surface contact point changes 2 Rotation one contact point rotate about long axis NO translation gliding 3 Angular Motion one contact point move about fixed point in any direction NO translation gliding rotation about long axis a circumduction complex angular motion fixed point of contact tilt on vertical axis rotate around contact point in circular motion 6 Classifications of Synovial Joints all found in upper extremity 1 Gliding gliding translation very simple Ex Intercarpal intertarsal sternoclavicular intervertebral facets 2 Hinge angular motion in one direction very simple Ex Elbow interphalangeal knee ankle 3 Pivot rotation about long axis of bones very simple Ex Proximal radio ulnar joint atlas axis C1 C2 vertebrae 4 Ellipsoid angular motion in many directions more complicated Ex Radio carpal joints metacarpophalangeal joints metarsophalangeal joints 5 Saddle variety of motion interlocking saddle joints more complicated Ex First carpometacarpal joint 6 Ball Socket interlocking ball cup shape variety of motion MOST COMPLICATED Ex Shoulder hip Body Motions 1 Flexion and Extension sagittal plane Flexion reduces angle between articulating elements Extension increases angle between articulating elements Hyperextension extension past neutral anatomical position 2 Abduction and Adduction frontal plane Abduction away from longitudinal axis of body Adduction towards longitudinal axis of body Left Right motions about midline of body head rotation Circumduction movement of limb in circular motion 3 Foot Motions 4 Body Motions Dorsiflexion reduce angle b w foot and leg flex foot Plantar Flexion increase angle b w foot and leg point foot Inversion twist foot inward sickle Eversion twist foot outward flag Pronation palm turned posteriorly radius cross over ulna turn down Supination palm turned anteriorly turn up Opposition thumb move towards palm other finger surfaces Elevation Movement of body part superiorly Depression Movement of body part inferiorly Protraction Movement of body part anteriorly Retraction Movement of body part posteriorly AKA Glenohumeral jont glenoid fossa of scapula head of humerus ball socket greatest range of motion large amounts of gleohumeral motion muscles across joint offer dynamic stability has ligaments bursae subluxation dislocation impingement rotator cuff tear Shoulder Joint Types of Injury Hip Joint acetabulum head of femur acetabular labrum deepens joint socket to increase bony congruity ball socket ligaments support joint limit end range motion large muscle groups provide dynamic stability Intervertebral Joint cushion fibrocartilage support body weight and external forces slight movement shock absorbant 1 4 the length of the vertebral column lose water content with age shortening high risk of injury 1 slipped disc or herniated disc Knee Joint hinge joint largest synovial joint in body major weight bearing large range of motion tibiofemoral joint bears weight stabilized by ligaments Functions of Muscle Myology study of muscle tissue muscular system all physical function involves motion and muscle activity 4 Types of Tissue epithelial connective muscle nervous about 50 of total body weight about 700 muscles in body 1 Movement locomotion manipulation moving materials Ex Bones air respiration blood circulation digestion 2 Posture continuous need for fight against gravity Ex Abdominals spinal extensors quadriceps gluteus maximus 3 Protection joint stability support weight of internal structures shield cushion internal structures guard holes orifices Ex Chest muscles abdominals mouth quadriceps 4 Heat Production by product of muscle contraction homeostasis Ex Exercise sweating shivering Properties of Muscle Tissue 1 Excitability respond to stimuli initiate contraction 2 Contractility produce tension b w end points cause movement 3 Extensibility stretch when external force applied 4 Elasticity return to original length after stretched 3 Types of