EXAM 4 Study Guide NOTE Chapters 14 12 and 13 will be on the exam YOU KNOW YOU ARE READY FOR THE TEST IF YOU ARE ABLE TO Define stress and identify the external and psychological factors that influence an individual s experience of stress Discuss the causes of stress Describe the physical reaction to stress and the relation of this reaction to cognitive Define abnormality and briefly discuss the historical and cultural impact on and personality factors defining psychological disorders Present the biological and psychological models of psychopathology Discuss the diagnosis and prevalence rates of psychological disorders in the U S Describe specific categories of psychological disorders including anxiety mood Define two main types of theory and briefly discuss the history of treatment of the Introduce the major types of psychotherapy including psychoanalysis humanistic and schizophrenia mentally ill behavior and cognitive Describe the biomedical approaches of treating psychological disorders including the use of drugs and electroconvulsive therapy Review Outline This is an OUTLINE You need to fill in the details from your notes in class Chapter 14 Health Psychology Health Psychology a subfield of psychology that focuses on maintaining health preventing treating illness What is the Biopsychosocial Model of Health the integration of biological psychological social factors in dealing with health related behaviors What are health behaviors Practices that have an impact on physical well being How do we get people to change their behavior Theory of Reasoned Action Positive Life Changes Theory of Planned Behavior Theory of Reasoned Action we are likely to change our behavior if we have Specific intentions positive attitudes approval of social group Not easy to meet all of these requirements we have specific intentions promise to self to change to try harder we often start like this its hard to get other people to do this with you it won t be maintenance b c they re doing it for you not themselves unsupportive bad influences positive attitudes feel good about the change if people around you don t approve of the change it will be harder approval of social group feel support from friends perception of control feel you have the power to change do you feel like you re going to resist temptation to change and continue healthy pattern Theory of Planned Behavior habits adopt healthier lifestyle Characteristics of All of the above plus Perception of Control Stages of Change Model 5 Step Process really 4 by which people give up bad 1 Precontemplation not ready to change doing things unhealthy 2 Contemplation they need to change 3 Preparation Determination preparing to take action 4 Action Willpower enact a plan 5 Maintenance success over time work to maintain good habits Characteristics of Relapse a return to former unhealthy behavior patterns normal part of trying to change realize you messed up but know that it s not okay just because its normal Resources for positive change Motivation Social Relationships probably the most important variable in predicting overall health because you don t have support from others more likely to be healthy if you are valued by other people ex if you re isolated face issues you will be alone under more stress Most important in predicting health Importance of Social support feedback from others that one is loved cared for valued and included in a network of communication Three benefits of Social Support 1 Tangible assistance people letting you borrow money when in 2 need who do you call for help Information ex when you get fired you have to pay bills call your friend for help they can t lend you money but tell you who is hiring 3 Emotional support social sharing when someone cant give you tangible assistance or information they can be there for you to share support feeling better Religious Faith Personality Characteristics high levels in each of these traits lead to healthier organized ambitious people vs B personality who s laid back makes longer lives excuses Personality Characteristics Conscientiousness ex aware of what is healthy what is not healthy more likely to feel guilty when you re unhealthy Personal Control when you feel like the troubles that are happening are in your control you feel less stressed than not being able to control why all these bad things keep happening Self efficacy ex how confident are you that you can accomplish this goal Optimism positive thoughts those who are negative give up and are depressed etc Stress and Health a little bit of stress anxiety is good motivation ex stress response to lion in front of you fight or flight if you didn t have any stress you d just lay down die Define Stress term used to describe physical emotional cognitive behavioral responses to events that are perceived as threatening or challenging Define Stressors events that cause stress reactions Distress vs Eustress Distress stress that is caused by unpleasant happenings Eustress stress that is caused by positive happenings 3 categories of stressors Catastrophes unpredictable even that happens on a very large scale Major life changes landmark events that change your life Hassles daily annoyances of life Sources of stress Pressure Demands and expectations are high from outside source Has negative impact on performance and creativity Time is most common source Personal Control you feel that YOU are responsible for in control of your you choose how much you re involved in sometimes you bite off more than own behaviors choices you can chew Learned Helplessness effect If a group of animals gets inescapable shocks they will fail to learn to escape from shock later on even though escape is possible LH animals are more susceptible to illnesses depression and anxiety disorders ex abused child inability to get away from family will grow up to think that abuse is okay they won t leave relationships because they are just helpless ex experiment on dog being shocked he didn t change until he was shown he could help himself anxious rats wont explore new ramp and unstressed rat will explore Frustration occurs when people are blocked from achieving their goal Responses to frustration Persistence Aggression Displaced aggression Escape withdrawal Conflict not with another person inner conflicts when you need to make decisions about things decisions aren t easy must stress about them having to choose between two options where both options are good bad or both Approach approach
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