3 31 Week 11 General Psychology Chapter 6 Part 1 cont d approximately 30 seconds without effort also called working memory Capacity of Short term Memory Digit span test we retain 7 2 items of information Short term Memory limited capacity memory system which stores information for repeat 9 numbers you eventually can t repeat them all more than 7 things or maybe more but you can t remember them ex phone but not credit card Duration of Short term Memory without effort around 12 30 seconds depending on what kind of information effects of Rehearsal can keep it longer as long as you keep thinking about it effects of distraction if you re trying to rehearse things in your head someone ex 8 numbers chunk into double digit numbers so you can remember effects of chunking can trick short term memory into thinking you have fewer items distracts you your attention shifts you can t remember what you were thinking about before Working Memory alternative way of explaining short term memory Three Parts of Working Memory Central Executive Phonological Loop Visuospatial Working Memory Storage Long Term Memory last step in the memory storage process in which we can store unlimited amounts of information for a long time it s never full Two Types of Long Term Memory depending on what you re trying to remember it uses different parts of your brain Declarative or Explicit Memory conscious memories for people places events facts dates feelings explanations Memory for who what where when why Nondeclarative or Implicit Memory nonconscious memories for skills procedures subliminal information and classically conditioned responses Memory for how hidden more subtle ex when you wake up in the morning have sudden urge for coffee because your body remembers that it gets coffee every morning ex remembering to ride a bike once you do it you ll never forget muscle memory Episodic memory for events in your life autobiographical memory Semantic memory about the world general common knowledge Q How do we know that there are two types of LTM A Henry M Clive Wearing Clive Wearing destroyed part of his brain that controls learning memory Hippocampus declarative memories but you do not need hippocampus to create nondeclarative memory can t create new long term memory will go somewhere have no clue about anything he had to live in a home to be taken care of he constantly wonders why where he is his body remembers how to do short term things most studied man Hippocampus damaged in surgery removed it because of seizures they didn t realize he couldn t ever get new information into long term memory again Henry M Chapter 6 Part 2 Retrieval process of getting memories out of long term storage into conscious awareness bringing it back Retrieval Cues means by which people retrieve information from long term memory the more cues that are associated with the memory the easier it will be to retrieve coming up with strategies stories word associations to study for a test outlines with subtopics for organization on exams there is bold writing to help direct to particular place so that you don t have to search for the answer Context Specific Memory people will recall information better if the context in which the information is learned is the same as when it was being recalled ex if you sit in the same place in class all the time you re more likely to remember it all at the same location for the exam why they take witnesses back to crime scenes to trigger memories about what happened Serial Position Effects Order in which you learn something is much easy to remember Primacy Effect items that come in first into your long term memory because it was once the only thing you were trying to remember ex when you play games where each person keeps adding on a word everyone always remembers the first word maybe 20 years later you ll associate that game with the word you first played with Recency Effect hurry and look at a question right before the exam you ll get the answer right spend more time studying middle stuff Q Why do people remember the words at the beginning end but not the middle A Beginning items are in long term memory last items are stil in short term memory Q What would happen if you were distracted for about 30 seconds just after I finished reading a list then you tried to recall the list items A The Recency Effect you d still remember the items at the beginning but then you got distracted and the stuff in the middle was in short term so it got lost Flashbulb memories vivid memories for highly significant traumatic or emotional experiences events can t remember what you had breakfast 3 weeks ago unless you have the same one everyday CAN remember exactly what where you were doing during 9 11 if you were eating breakfast but can exactly remember that breakfast Forgetting Assumption as time passes we forget how much do we forget Do flashcards until you know every single one how many will fade the next day if you made the terms meaningful to you you will remember but most 50 will fade Ebbinghaus Forgetting Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve made a ton of flashcards with no meaning nonsense 100 one syllable words he memorized them all once he realized that he could do them all he kept quizzing timing himself 40 of words were lost after only 20 minutes make flashcards very early start working on them early wait a few days keep relearning Q Why can t we always retrieve everything that is stored in long term memory especially older memories A One theory Interference some memories interfere with ability to retrieve other memories ex childhood memories that are stories you have a visual of it but it may just have been a story new information interferes with our ability to remember old information new phone number memorized but now can t remember old phone number waiting until end of semester you won t remember anything Retroactive Interference Proactive Interference old information interferes with our ability to remember new information ex all of the times you took your daily pills in the past interfere with your ability to remember if you took it today ex park in the same parking lot everyday today can t remember exactly where it is Q Are any of the episodes events that we experience recalled with complete accuracy A No all memories are susceptible to forgetting ex when witnesses are supposed to remember something but police indicate certain things so their information memories get distorted memories are reconstructions based solely on
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