Psychology Final Exam Review Here is everything important you need to know overall for the class and following is an indepth study of each chapter Historical and Current Perspectives The general goals of psychology are to describe explain predict and control behavior Classical conditioning o Discovered by Pavlov o Behaviorist perspective Bio psychological perspective Realized dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell Believes that everything is learned through conditioning Emphasizes bodily events and chemicals such as hormones associated with behavior Differences between Psychologist and Psychiatrists Psychologists o Have no medical training but have a Ph D o Have many areas of specialization o Cannot prescribe medications Psychiatrists o Have medical training and an M D o o Specialize in treatment diagnosis of specific things Can prescribe medications Research methods Case studies Focus in depth on one person The problem with this is lack of generalization This information about one person cannot be used to generalize other people Statistical techniques The purpose of these is to detect relationships between variables that might otherwise go unnoticed The closer the value is to 1 the stronger the relationship is Can be positive or negative relationships Experiments Include independent and dependent variables Independent variable is the variable that the researcher manipulates This is expected to cause a change in the dependent variable o Dependent variable is the variable the research measures This is expected to be changed or affected by the independent variable Correlation does not equal causation Example people who watch a lot of reality TV are annoying just because they watch a lot of reality TV that is not the cause of them being annoying Biological Psychology The nervous system divisions Central nervous system CNS Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System PNS o o o o o o o o o o o Autonomic nervous system Parasympathetic division Controls the body when its in a state of rest to maintain heart beat breathing and digestion Active most of the time Sympathetic division Turns on the bodies flight v flight reactions Increases heart rate and breathing and dilation of the pupils Active during times of stress Processes information in sequences and is good at breaking things down into smaller parts for analysis Better at language comprehension and logical reasoning Somatic nervous system Hemispheres of the brain o Left hemisphere o Right hemisphere Lobes of the brain Processes information all at once and simultaneously Better at visual comprehension and facial recognition Frontal lobe logic reasoning and decision making Temporal lobe hearing and auditory comprehension Parietal lobe touch temperature body position and possibly taste o o o o Occipital lobe vision Limbic system o o Involved in emotions motivation memory and learning Thalamus receives input from sensory systems processes it and passes it on to the appropriate areas relay center o Hypothalamus interactions with endocrine system to regulate body temperature thirst hunger sleep sexual activity and mood o Hippocampus critical in the formation of long term memories and memories of the location of objects o Amygdala involved in response to fear and negative emotions such as rage o Cingulate cortex important role in emotion and cognition Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors SSRIs o Act as antidepressant medication o o Block the reuptake of serotonin which increases the levels of serotonin in the synaptic gap Brands include prozac celexa lexapro paxil and zoloft Developmental Psychology Most developmental psychologists believe that both heredity and environment contribute to development Teratogen is any substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm a developing embryo fetus o Example alcohol Attachment patterns o Measured by the Strange Situation o Secure attachment the child will explore the room and use the mom as a secure base When the mother leaves child is devastated Will be comforted when the mother comes back o Resistant ambivalent attachment child clings to mom and will not explore the room Get very upset when the mother leaves When she comes back the child will not be happy with her but wants her attention o Understanding that the object still exist when you can t see it o Example if Tommy s mom hides a toy under the blanket and he looks for it he has object permanence Object permanence Piaget s stages of Cognitive Development o Sensorimotor Birth 2 years old Children explore the world using their senses and ability to move Develop object permanence Preoperational 2 7 years Young children can represent and refer to objects and events with words or pictures They can play pretend Cannot logically reason Cannot simultaneously consider many characteristics of an object o Concrete operational 7 12 years Children are able to conserve and reverse thinking Can classify objects in terms of many characteristics Can logically think Formal operational 12 adulthood People can use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events or situations Erikson s psychosocial stages Infant trust v mistrust o Babies learn to trust or mistrust others based on weather or not their needs are met Toddler autonomy v shame and doubt Toddlers realize they can direct their own behavior Preschool age initiative v guilt Challenged to control their own behaviors Elementary school age industry v interiority Faced with learning new social and academic skills with social comparison o Adolescence identity v role confusion Faced with deciding who or what they want to be in terms of occupation beliefs attitudes and behavior patterns Early adulthood intimacy v isolation Task to share who they are with another person in a close committed relationship o Middle adulthood generativity v stagnation Challenge to be creative productive and nurturing of the next generation o Late adulthood ego integrity v despair Issue weather a person will reach wisdom spiritual tranquility and acceptance of his her life o o o o o o Parenting styles o Authoritarian Sensation and Perception Sensation Perception o Active process o Sensory adaptation Overly strict harsh discipline and shows little warmth towards the child o Permissive parenting o Authoritative parenting Parent makes few if any demands on a child s behavior Parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits on a child s behavior Best style of parenting Passive process o o When special