Exam 2 Review Created by Gregory Galmin wave The wavelength is the distance from peak to peak or trough to trough on a The frequency is how many times per second a wave goes from peak to peak The velocity of an electromagnetic wave is always the same in the context of this class 300000000 meters second The are related in this way v is the velocity is the wavelength f is the frequency and T is the period which is 1 f Think of the Doppler effect as when you hear an ambulance coming towards you When it is getting closer the pitch is higher and when it s moving away from you the pitch is lower This happens because the sound waves coming from the ambulance are being compressed into a lower wavelength when moving closer to you and they are being stretched when they are moving away from you Types of mirrors for the scope of this class 1 Flat mirrors reflect light at the same angle that the light hits the mirror 2 Concave mirrors reflect light into a focal point in front of the mirror Types of lenses 1 Convex curved light goes through the lens and it gets concentrated into a single point on the other side 2 Concave curved inward not covered Types of telescopes 1 Optical a Refracting uses lenses to focus light b Reflecting Newtonian uses mirrors to focus light c Catodiotropic uses lenses and mirrors to focus light not covered 2 X Ray uses cylindrical mirrors to focus light Light gathering power the ability of a telescope or lens that tells how much better at gathering light it is than another lens or telescope P light gathering power D1 diameter of lens 1 D2 diameter of lens 2 For the question on the review D1 would be 4in Resolution the ability of an instrument ex Telescope to show detail of an object that it s viewing The smaller the lens the greater the resolution Magnification the ability of a telescope or lens to show a larger image of something far away A telescope that lets you see Uranus has better magnification than a telescope that only goes as far as letting you see Mars v forv T P D1D2 2 M is magnification f0 is the focal length of the objective lens and fe is the focal length of the eye piece Focal length is the distance between the lens and the point where the light is focused If a source of light waves is moving away from you at any speed the wavelength of the light you receive will be longer Blackbody radiation light emitted from a source based only on temperature For example humans emit IR radiation because we re not that hot Your stove emits blackbody radiation in the visible red Wien s Law T is temperature C is some constant and lambda is wavelength THE UNIT FOR THE WAVELENGTH YOU USE DEPENDS ENTIRELY ON THE UNIT USED IN THE GIVEN CONSTANT Stefan Boltzmann law tells the power of radiation of a blackbody with respect to its temperature Inverse Square Law The amount of power that reaches an object from a source is the inverse of the square of the distance from the source Let s ay you re one meter away from a light bulb If you were instead 2 meters away from the lamp you would only feel one quarter of the radiation you did at one meter away 3 times as far 9 times less radiation Coriolis Effect like centrifugal force Earth s interior outer to innermost Crust mantle molten iron solid iron core We know from measuring seismic activity Earth s magnetic field extends far into space ions gather at the north and south poles aurora borealis caused by this The reversal of the magnetic field takes 200 thousand years and we can tell by looking at frozen lava beds Seafloor spreading caused by tectonic plates moving apart Kinds of plate motions a Transform plates slide next to each other b Constructive plates slide apart from each other c Destructive plates push against eachother Layers of the Earth s atmosphere lowest to highest Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Van Allen belts it s where layers of charged particles ions hang around a magnetized planet How did Earth s atmosphere interior and oceans progress from the beginning The earth started out as molten liquid The heaviest elements sank to the core When it cooled down the surface cooled the fastest like when you take a cookie out of the oven Water vapor was then able to cool and condense into oceans M f0fe T C P T4 Boltzmann Constant T temp Lunar eclipses they happen when the earth is directly between the sun and the moon and the moon is on the ecliptic which the moon only intersects at two points in its orbit Moon s synchronous rotation the moon only shows the earth one of its faces Moon s surface craters Moon s size and density Compare atmospheres of moon mercury venus and mars 1 Moon has very little almost negligible atmosphere 2 Mercury has very little or no atmosphere 3 Venus has a huge atmosphere which is mostly carbon dioxide trace amounts of sulfuric acid 90 atmospheres of pressure 4 Mars is mostly carbon dioxide Density lowest to highest Mars Mercury Earth Mercury s day is longer than its year to go from noon to noon it takes two mercury years it rotates very slowly it s orbit is one third of an earth year Venus rotates in the opposite direction as earth the rotation is very slow year is 70 of Earth s year Hottest to coldest Venus Mercury Earth Mars Highest to lowest pressure Venus Earth Mars Mercury Earth 80 Nitrogen 20 oxygen Clouds a Mercury none b Venus Sulfuric acid c Earth Water d Mars Carbon dioxide and water Main features a Mercury biggest range of surface temperature big cliffs it has a very long day and the cliffs are from tectonic activity when the planet was cooling b Venus dense hot atmosphere and retrograde rotation Carbon dioxide is very dense and causes the greenhouse effect and tidal forces may have caused the reverse rotation c Mars most earthlike planet evidence of ancient oceans there looks to have been running water in channels Mars has the most volcanoes of any planet and these have shaped the planet by lava flows Interior of the planets Mercury has evidence of volcanoes that helped form smooth plains Venus is mostly covered in lava plains a Mercury metal core mantle crust b Venus metallic core rocky mantle crust c Earth iron core molten iron outer core mantle crust d Mars solid inner core liquid outer core crust Hydrogen and Helium are the main elements found on Jupiter and Saturn Interior a Jupiter Rocky metal core metallic hydrogen liquid hydrogen that become more of a gas closer to the surface b Saturn Rocky metal core metallic hydrogen liquid hydrogen that become more