General Psychology Exam 3 Lecture Notes Spring 2015 Dr Sciratelli Experience Psychology Memory Chapter 6 Memory persistence of learning allows us to use information and put it away for later accounts for time and defines life Steps of Memory 1 Encode put in 2 Store hold 3 Retrieve get out Models of Memory all models have value 1 Information processing model a Assumes memory processing is similar to a computer b Atkinson and Shiffrin c Three stages i Sensory memory information enters nervous system and is very brief 1 Echoic auditory few seconds 2 3 Eidetic photographic memory Iconic visual ii Short Term Memory information being used current access vs working memory 1 Selective attention ability to focus on one thing ignore others Also moves sensory information to short term memory a Can only hold 9 5 things at once 2 Chunking combines bits into meaningful units and allows more in Short Term Memory a Lasts 15 30 seconds in not rehearsed 3 Rehearsal conscious repetition of information keeps it in the short term memory or moves it to the long term memory iii Long Term Memory rehearsal practicing works but most efficient way is storing in long term memory 1 Things that help Long Term Memory a Rehearsal practiced works better not most efficient b Elaboration making it meaningful making connections with memories organization and personalization Imagery dual code hypothesis using visual and verbal techniques c d Distributed practice spreading out the practice produces better retrieval than massed practice includes the testing effect 2 Two types of Long Term Memory a Implicit non declarative i Automatic not easily brought into ii awareness hard to verbalize Involves cerebellum and basil ganglia iii Gained through experience by three ways 1 Procedural memory for skills things you know 2 Classical conditioning emotional associations and other simple conditional reflexes 3 Priming activation of information already in memory makes a certain response more likely b Explicit declarative i Effortful easy to verbalize usually ii facts Involves hippocampus and frontal cortex iii Two types 1 Semantic memory general knowledge Language and information learned from formal education 2 Episodic memory personal information that is not available to others Also includes daily activities and events 2 Levels of processing model a Assumes information that is deeply processed will be remembered more efficiently and longer Two Types of Remembering 1 Recall pulling information from memory with few external cues a Examples short answer questions essays fill in the blank b Retrieval failures drawing a blank tip of the tongue phenomenon i Serial position effect remembered beginning and sometimes the end better than the middle ii Primary effect remember beginning better happens all the iii Recently effect remembering end better happens 2 Recognition does this matter Is this something I know time immediately a Stimulus provided matching i Example multiple choice fill in the blank true or false ii Retrieval failure false negativity don t recognize something you should OR false positivity recognize something you shouldn t Cues to Help Remembering 1 Retrieval cue something that helps you remember trigger 2 Encoding specificity remember information better if it is available when memory formed learned is also available at retrieval 3 State dependent learning remembering better if psychological or physiological state is similar to what it was when memory was formed a Examples drugs alcohol or PTSD stimulation influences mood Eye Witness Testimony Studied by Elisabeth Loftus 1 What you see hear after the event can easily effect the accuracy of the memoires of the event a Not always reliable because the brain constantly updates and revises without awareness b Brain is reliable when i Age is young or elderly ii Not leading on with questions use free call iii Sooner rather than later iv With use of hypnosis v With increased confidence 2 Why are there errors a Memory is a constructive process that puts in basic facts and fills the details with retrieval which makes memories vulnerable to revision during retrieval and restoring Memory Retrieval Problems 1 Misinformation effect inaccurate information presented after alters corrupts memories of an event a It is possible to form a false memory i Creates inaccurate memories through suggestion of others often with hypnosis b It is possible to repress false memories i Repressed memory unexpected inability to remember a traumatizing event motivated forgetting Forgetting first studied by Ebbinghaus 2 Inability to access a memory a Curved of forgetting usually forget right away then it slows down b Encoding failure actually never entered the memory to conserve resources c Decay loss because trail is not used d Interference theory most common i Proactive interference 1 Older information interferes with removal of newer information a Example learning how to drive in US then moving to England b Anytime it is harder to learn the new thing because you knew the old thing ii Retroactive interferences 1 Newer information interferes with retrieval of older information a Example learning new phone number makes it hard to remember the old ones HM 1926 2008 1 Man in a tragic bike accident which injured his brain so badly he had life threatening seizures a Doctors cut both sides of his hippocampus i His personality and IQ did not change ii He had trouble remembering what happened iii Suffered retrograde amnesia Amnesia disruption in the process of memory more than normal forgetting b FORGETTING is only one thing isolated 2 4 types of amnesia a Anterograde 50 First Dates i Loss of memory from point of injury trauma forward ii physical injury Inability to form new declarative long term memories but can still access old memories and add new skills iii Main issue for early Alzheimer s 1st stage b Retrograde The Vow i Loss of memory form point of trauma injury backwards physical injury ii Side effect of electric shock therapy iii Loss of the past memories you had iv Not all but usually a chunk week to a year v Makes new memories but they are fragile to disruption c Dissociative Shutter Island i Loss of autobiographical information that follows trauma psychological trauma ii Loses episodic but not semantic remembers streets and the presidents but not the accident iii Can lose events or even whole identity d Infantile juvenile i Inability to retrieve memories before you were three years old ii DUE TO 1
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