GEOG 1003 Study Guide for Exam 3 This guide should be used as a guide for studying your lecture notes the slides I have put on Moodle and the relevant chapter in the textbook This test will be based upon the presentation on Tsunami s all of Chapter 10 South East Asia and the parts of Chapter 4 Middle East and North Africa listed in the study guide so you should reread them carefully Words in BOLD are generally highlighted in the textbook and refer to that paragraph section Points 1 4 refer to the Tsunami presentation and lecture Key concepts and ideas that you should know are 1 The difference between a NATURAL HAZARD and a NATURAL DISASTER Natural Hazard unexpected or uncontrollable natural event of unusual magnitude that threatens the activates of people or people themselves Natural Disaster are natural hazards that actually resulted in widespread destruction of property or caused injury and or death 2 The different events that can CAUSE A TSUNAMI Sudden rise or fall of earth s crust under or near the ocean Displaces water column Creates rise or fall in level of ocean above Size and energy dissipates with time and distance from source Volcanic activity and or mudslides 3 The name of the town that was closet to the epicenter of the earthquake that caused the 2004 Asian Tsunami Banda Aceh Northern Shore Indonesia 4 The importance of Early Warning Systems for reducing deaths from disasters Early Warning Systems monitor seismic and tidal patterns 26 countries in the Pacific are members Allows for earlier detection to evacuate as many as possible 5 How many people in total live in South East Asia 602 million 4 490 6 The average GNI PPP per capita in SE Asia 7 The importance of the two MONSOONS in SE Asia and how their impact vary between the mainland and island sub regions of SE Asia Which countries have large seasonal variability in rainfall and which are likely to have rainfall throughout the year Importance they bring some alleviation from the very high and oppressive temperatures as rains cool the air and it brings water for crops and drinking How impacts vary the mainland receives lower overall annual rainfall totals the islands however get much more rainfall Countries with large seasonal variability in rainfall Burma Thailand Laos Cambodia Vietnam and the peninsula of Malaysia Countries likely to have rainfall throughout the year Singapore Indonesia Timor Leste and the Philippines 8 The similarities between TYPHOONS HURRICANES AND CYCLONES Which ones affect SE Asia and from where do they come Typhoons Hurricanes and Cyclones are all large rotating storms produced by warm ocean temperatures combined with eddies in the trade winds Pacific Asia calls them typhoons Americas calls them hurricanes and Indian Ocean calls them cyclones Typhoons and Cyclones occur in SE Asia Typhoons most commonly develop east of the Philippines and move westward into the South China Seas Cyclones begin in the Indian Ocean and sweep into Southeast Asia from the west 9 The long history of environmental adaptation by humans The crops that were probably first domesticated in SE Asia about 5 000 years ago p 387 Rice after selective breeding of a grass with edible seeds produced rice Also taro sago bananas mango and sugar 10 The importance of a LAND BRIDGE that once linked Borneo to the mainland particularly with regard to initial human settlement in the region The land bridge or the Sunda Shelf was exposed during the ice ages connecting Borneo to the mainland Humans probably reached the islands of Southeast Asia from Eurasia about 60 000 years ago 11 The country in mainland SE Asia with the highest mountains Burma Mayanmar 12 The impacts of increased production of palm oil for BIOFUELS on MEGAFAUNA and the countries which account for the majority of global palm oil production Indonesia and Malaysia accounted for over 80 of crude palm oil production in 2011 and Thailand is also starting to increase its production as the world s third largest producer Southeast Asian countries export a large portion of their palm oil production to India China and the European Union making it a global issue Concern is growing about the conversion of tropical forests to palm oil plantations across the region particularly when it intrudes on space for megafauna 13 The risks and benefits of tectonic activity in the region Risks tsunamis volcanic eruption explosion Benefits soil nutrients from volcanic ash 14 The locations in the region where MANGROVE FORESTS are found and the purposes they serve Mangrove forest groups of evergreen trees that form dense tangled thickets in marshes and along muddy tidal shores Where they re found along regional coastlines together with a rich offshore marine ecosystem that includes coral reefs and fisheries Indonesia leads the world in mangrove area Purpose they serve their deep strong root structures serve a vital function protecting areas from erosion while providing habitat for myriad animal species 15 The importance of WALLACE S LINE explaining the different types of animal life found north of Bali and south of Lombok Wallace s line is a division in ecology of the Southeast Asia region due to plate tectonics When the land bridge to the islands of Indonesia was exposed during the ice age animals like tigers elephants and orangutans migrated To the south animals like kangaroos and opossums moved north across the land bridge formed by the Australian Plate to New Guinea and other islands However between Bali and Lombok is deep ocean trench that remained during the ice ages and prevented the two different types of species from mixing 16 The definition of SWIDDEN FARMING it s impacts on the rainforest compared to the expansion of rice production and the timber industry Swidden Farming the practice of clearing small patches of forest at a time for agriculture Most of the deforestation was from expansion of rice production and export of tropical hardwoods and under European colonial control Swidden practices were tied to politics and the economy and began to intensify The extensive shifting of cultivation involved in swidden farming was sustainable when widely scattered villages controlled large areas of land and could use fields for a few years then leave them for 10 to 30 to recover As access to land decreases and population and consumption increase land is cleared more frequently causing long term decline in environmental productivity 17 The country which has the largest area of Forest cover and