LEARNING THEORY focus on cognitive learning mainly knowledge some attitudes concerns how people learn and change most behavioral theories are interested more in attitudes than knowledge teaching o groups formal standard trained teacher students are captive o effective teachers relationships expectations engagement knowledgeable o effective instructional units best practices and evidence based importance focused o effective instructional strategies goals expectations monitor progress reinforcement assimilation accommodation ICAN approach to problem solving Identify problem consider choose options act carefully note what happens training counseling o skill based preparing others to instruct o one to one dynamic interaction volunteer clients o motivational interviewing Carl Rogers client centered counseling very direct makes actual suggestions counselor accepts clients as they are whether or not they want to change open ended questions reflective listening by restating client s words affirmation of ideas I understand that sounds like a good plan change talk tell me what you want to do MI phases of change 1 overcoming ambivalence commitment and action 2 3 MI counselor must inform advise honor encourage direct o focus on ambivalence of client change and not change desires is a common human condition o extrinsic motivation can help encourage reinforce support o intrinsic motivation ambivalence shows person wants to change motivational interviewing techniques draw out internal change desires cognitive behavior therapy emphasis on cognitive strategies assumptions content and process of thinking is knowable thoughts mediate emotion and behavioral responses action emotional responses and behavior can be controlled through cognitive strategies that alter thoughts assessing how client thinks and feels treatment plan and problem list variety severity of problems referral needs ordering problems for attention facilitation of action plan COUNSELING STRATEGIES goals that are measurable and agreeable different length goals counselor has positive relationship with client warm respectful supportive persuasion is when counselor is confident and enthusiastic clear instructions high expectations detachment resist urge to right a client empathy listening discrepancy communication certain things empowerment roll with resistance COUNSELING METHODS problem solving behavior action assigning activities so client can manage baby steps skills training client learns skills like communication and resisting pressure environmental control for client cognitive restructuring MAIN CBT METHOD same as positive self talk modifying core beliefs to create change Personal trainer study children youth with type 1 diabetes trainers with MI skills came in for home delivery of 6 sessions of intervention youth selected possible changes they wanted to see trainers were detached and empathetic and encouraging and suggested strategies and goals result was significant treatment group difference in hemoglobinA1C which is measure of glycemic control better effects in adolescents SELF DETERMINATION THEORY humanistic perspective growth occurs through challenge new perspectives pushing capacity tendency to integrate growth with identity self concept and self esteem basic psychological needs a meta theory ELEMENTS o extrinsic and intrinsic motivation o psychological needs controlled motivation is extrinsic motivation people vary in responses to extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation guides behavior more so people are socialized through extrinsic reinforcement which becomes intrinsic and self regulating eventually autonomy control over own life Rotter s concept of locus of control one s own interests competence ability to manage and perform one s own tasks relatedness having close family friends a mate o individual differences aspirations and life goals learn from socializing influences and experience extrinsic foci wealth fame popularity intrinsic foci personal development generativity afilliations differences in energy mindfulness and presence o energy and related concepts SOCIAL INFLUENCE SOCIAL NETWORK effect on thought and behavior by information shared among group members information is knowledge beliefs norms behaviors social forces context and culture social networks and social capital o culture and context nationality race ethnicity religion neighborhood not geography time period conditions these are pervasive norms that we don t often recognize o social capital breadth and depth of social relationships usually measured in terms of being able to get help or advice when needed like how many close friends could you contact influence processes socialization and selection o selection tendency of people with similar thoughts and behaviors to affiliate elective affiliation is us choosing like minded friends o socialization others influence our behavior conformity sometimes due to pressure cognitive processes social norms o social norms reflect accepted prevalent thoughts and actions perceptions are as important as actual social norms affect cognitions may be many sub group norms each affect member differently group membership family class interest groups friends is conforming condition of membership status of group is dependent on conforming nature information is shared approved here SOCIAL SUPPORT health impacts decrease stress decrease pregnancy birth complications decrease herpes outbreaks decrease risk of MI CAD angina decrease mortality increase recovery from illness informational support instrumental support resources and advice emotional support or appraisal support for better self evaluation o can be assistance with stress input on goals aid through social relationships info saying you are loved mutual connections etc social network a person centered web of social relationships reciprocity extent to which resources and support are both given and received intensity extent to which relationships offer emotional closeness complexity extent to which relationships serve many functions density extent to which members know and interact with each other enhance social support by encouraging people to recognize sources teaching people to draw on resources teaching people to develop new supportive resources teaching others how to provide support more diverse network more diverse info shared larger network more info shared 1 social support networks have direct effect on health through helping meet basic needs sense of belonging