MUSIC 201 EXAM 1 Fundamentals Melody a horizontal organization of pitches notes sound one after the other Conjunct smooth stepwise Disjunct jagged angular containing large skips Scale a system of pitch organization a series of whole and half steps Major minor pentatonic Modal scales Ecclesiastical modes Dorian D Phrygian E Lydian F Mixolydian G Aeolian A Musical Alphabet A B C D E F G Solfege Syllables do re mi fa so la ti do Intervals the distance in pitch between two notes Unison m2 M2 m3 M3 TT P4 P5 m6 M6 m7 M7 octave Successive intervals Melodic intervals Simultaneous Harmonic intervals Harmony the vertical organization of pitch Chords 3 or more simultaneous sounds Triads Tonic I Dominant V Subdominant IV Consonance Dissonance Texture thin thick Monophony single voice melody Homophony playing same melody in harmony Heterophony at least two musicians play the same melody with slight variations Polyphony counterpoint two or more voices of equal importance combine in such a way that each voice retains its own identity Round canon Pitch frequency the relative highness or lowness of sound How sound is made vibration of an object plus pitch Notation the use of written or printed symbols to indicate musical sound Pitch notation staff clefs letter names for notes Note values dotted notes rests time signatures whole note to 8th Rhythm combinations of patterns of duration Beats barlines measures basic note values Meter organization of the beat into groups patterns of strong and weak beats Duple triple quadruple time or meter signature Tempo rate of speed of music Largo adagio andante moderator allegro vivace presto accelerando ritardando Dynamics level of loudness Pianissimo piano mezzo piano mezzo forte forte fortissimo sforzando Crescendo decrescendo Timbre quality of sound tone color SATB Part 1 The Middle Ages 476CE Early Fifteenth Century Plainchants purpose was to enhance texts being sung and inspire worshippers with the beauty of their sound Troubadours trouveres minnesingers minstrels poet composers sang and played songs about love heroism and pastoral life Group activity no description of dance but we have images and dance music Music for sacred spaces Music for court Music for dancing Hildegard Play of Virtues Monophony Morality Play The Modal Scales o 6 modes Syllabic o Highly stylized form of love in which a knight declares himself as the servant of the lady Cleric at Notre Dame Wrote intricate works known as organum Used plainchant melodies in long note values in the lowest voice with faster moving voices o One note per syllable Melismatic o More than one note per syllable Landini Behold Spring Courtly love he is wooing Two Part Polyphony with Cadences stops Perotin layered above the plainchant Manuscripts Parchment Hand written Decorated with gold leaf Miniature portraits Machaut I Can All Too Well Compare My Lady Words compared beloved lady to statue carved by mythic artist Pygmalion 3 voice texture each voice presented a different melodic line than the other two AAB Form o Like the Star Spangled Banner o Same melody different words for lines 1 and 2 Mass Ordinary Kyrie A prayer for mercy to God and to Christ Gloria A declaration of praise Credo A declaration of the articles of faith Sanctus The blessing of the bread and wine Agnus Dei A prayer for redemption from the Lamb of God Ite Missa est A brief dismissal of the congregation Go the Mass is finished Alfonso el Sabio He Who Gladly Serves Aquel que de volontade Cantigas de Santa Maria Songs to the Virgin Mary collection Heterophonic texture Shawms drone unison Instruments of the Middle Ages Vielle like violin with wider flatter body Psaltery plucked stringed instrument Tambourine Lute pluck strings Bagpipe and Shawm Castanets clappers Portative Organ Straight trumpets Three Types of Text Settings o Syllabic one note per syllable of text o Neumatic 2 3 4 notes per syllable of text o Melismatic many notes per syllable of text Three Types of Performance o Direct Choral all sing the entire chant o Antiphonal two groups sing in alternation o Responsorial soloist and congregation or choir Gregorian Chant Oldest continuously performed music in Western tradition Latin a capella Beginnings of Western music lie in the theoretical writings and teachings of scholars from classical Greece from the time of Pythagoras c 500 BC Ptolemy c 300 AD writings on the nature of music its place in the universe and society its effects on people relationship of music and mathematics materials and principles of composition Music in the Quadrivium music a part of the medieval vision of the divine order of the Universe the Universe is bound together by number and proportion and music is number made audible Church Modes D E F G Proper of Mass o Introit o Gradual o Alleluia o Offertory o Communion 8 Offices Matins Lauds Prime Terce Sext None Vespers Compline Organum began as embellishment of the liturgy Note against note Chant line becomes tenor tenor to hold Anonymous IV writes about music at the Cathedral of Notre Dame names 2 composers Leonin and Perotin Motet polyphonic music with 3 voices secular several texts can be several languages Carmina Burana Manuscript containing large collection of Latin and German secular songs assembled at the Benedictine Monastery of Benediktbeuren Part 2 The Renaissance 1425 1600 Renaissance rebirth Spirit of Humanism an intellectual and cultural movement that explored human interests and values through the pursuit of science philosophy literature painting sculpting and music particularly vocal music Protestant Reformation music was written in languages other than Latin for Protestant churches With the growth of cities the demand for music became greater Economic growth Composers and musicians commanded high salaries Renaissance Man cultivated knowledge and experience in the full range of arts and sciences Gentlemen should learn the basic arts of singing and playing an instrument such as the lute Printing rapid and relatively cheap with movable metal type Josquin The Cricket Polyphony SATB Word painting a technique by which a composer illustrates a word or phrase through music in some way that reflects its meaning Madrigal secular vocal music composition Early English madrigals were translated from Italian madrigals Byrd Sing Joyfully Anthem English equivalent of a motet a sacred choral work A capella Polyphony Imitative counterpoint a composition technique that states an idea and then repeats it within other