Chapter 6 Memory Memory the ability to store and retrieve information over time Encoding Transforming Perceptions into Memories the process of transforming what we perceive think or feel into Encoding an enduring memory 3 types of encoding 1 Sematic 2 Visual Imagery meaning of words sound of words appearance of word process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge already stored in memory o Semantic judgments o Rhyme judgments o Visual judgments o Lower left part of frontal lobe and inner part of left temporal lobe process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures o Simonides and the ceiling collapse o Activates visual processing regions in occipital lobe relationships among a series of items o Upper left surface of left frontal lobe process of categorizing information according to the 3 Organizational When rating words survival words most remembered o Draws elements from each type of encoding Storage Maintaining Memories over Time Storage 3 Kinds of Storage process of maintaining information in memory over time type of storage that holds sensory information for a 1 Sensory Memory few seconds of less o Tones for recalling letters o Iconic memory o Echoic memory 2 Short term memory few seconds but less than a minute 15 20 secs o Rehearsal mentally repeating it fast decaying store of visual info 1 sec fast decaying store of auditory info 5 secs holds nonsensory information for more than a process of keeping info in short term memory by combining small pieces of info Into larger clusters or o Can hold about 7 meaningful items at once o Chunking chunks that are more easily held in short term memory storage o Working memory active maintenance of info in short term type of storage that holds info for hours days 3 Long term storage weeks or years o Retrograde amnesia inability to transfer new information from inability to retrieve info acquired before a o Anterograde amnesia short term to long term particular date usually of an injury or surgery brain become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled requiring them to be consolidated again process by which memories become stable in the when seemingly consolidated memories can o Reconsolidation o Consolidation Drugs or shots causes rats to forget after initial consolidation is prevented Reconsolidating scary memories again to reduce anxiety Amygdala Aplysia Eric Kandel faster o Stimulates slug s tail with mild electric shock 2nd time withdraws Long term potentiation between neurons strengthens connection making communication easier process whereby communication across synapse Retrieval Bringing Memories to Mind Retrieval Retrieval cue Encoding specificity principle a retrieval cue can serve as an effective external info that is associate with stored info and helps bring process of bringing to mind information previously encoded and stored it to mind reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which info was initially encoded State dependent retrieval person is in same state during encoding and retrieval one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of situations match term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items tendency for info to be better recalled when process by which retrieving item from long idea that memory is likely to transfer from Transfer appropriate processing Retrieval induced forgetting Multiple Forms of Memory How the Past Returns Explicit memory when people conciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences Implicit memory past experiences influence later behavior and performance even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection o implied by actions o Procedural memory practice gradual acquisition of skills as a result of Priming a result of a recent exposure to stimulus enhanced ability to think of a stimulus such as a word or object as o Perceptual priming item how you would use an object o Conceptual priming reflects implicit memory for sensory features of reflects implicit memory for meaning of word or network of associated facts and concepts that make up collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a Episodic memory Semantic memory our general knowledge of the world particular time and place on their own fewer items than they would on their own Collaborative memory Nominal group Collaborative inhibition memory within groups combined recall of several individuals recalling target items the same of individuals working together recall Memory Failure The Seven Sins of Memory 1 Transience forgetting what occurs with the passage of time o During storage phase o Ebbinghaus nonsense syllables creation of forgetting curve o Retroactive interference situations in whcih later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier Repeat schedule for one week hard to remember Monday due to blend of days o Proactive interference memory for information acquired later situations in which earlier learning impairs using same parking lot confused by past places parked 2 Absentmindedness a lapse in attention that results in memory failure o Researchers observe less activity in lower left frontal love o Prospective memory remembering to do things in the future failure to retrieve information in memory even though you are 3 Blocking trying to produce it o tip of the tongue phenomenon o results from damage to left temporal lobe and surface of cortex 4 Memory Misattribution assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong recall of when where and how information was source o Source memory acquired o Damage to frontal lobes o False recognition been encountered before 5 Suggestibility sources into personal recollections recollection of previous experiences 6 Bias feeling of familiarity about something that hasn t tendency to incorporate misleading information from external distorting influences of present knowledge beliefs and feelings on o Consistency bias reconstruct past to fit present tendency to exaggerate difference between what we o Change bias feel believe now and when we felt believe in the past past in order to make ourselves look good o Egocentric bias tendency to exaggerate change between present and 7 Persistence intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget detailed recollections of when and where we o Flashbulb memories hear about shocking events 9 11 o Amygdala plays large role
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