ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS strong electrolytes compounds that dissociate to a large extent into ions when dissolved in water weak electrolytes compounds that dissociate to a small extent into ions when dissolved in water Strong Acids hydrochloric acid HCl hydrobromic acid HBr hydroiodic acid HI perchloric acid HClO4 nitric acid HNO3 sulfuric acid H2SO4 Weak Acids acetic acid hydrofluoric acid hyrdrocyanide Nonelectrolytes water methyl alcohol CH3OH ethyl alcohol C2H5OH sucrose C12H22O11 most compounds of carbon Ionic Compounds potassium bromide sodium chloride sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide other soluble ionic compounds Molecular equation all substances in the chemical equation are written using their complete formulas as if they were molecules Ionic equation all of the strong electrolytes are written as ions Spectator ions ions that undergo no change during the reaction and appear on both sides of the reaction arrow Net ionic equation only the ions undergoing change are shown PRECIPITATION REACTIONS AND SOLUBILITY GUIDELINES 1 a compound is probably soluble if it contains one of the following cations Group 1A cation Li Na K Rb Cs Ammonium ion NH4 2 a compound is probably soluble if it contains one of the following anions Halide Cl Br I except Ag Hg2 2 Pb 2 NO3 nitrate ClO4 perchlorate CH3CO2 acetate SO4 2 sulfate except Sr 2 Ba 2 Hg2 2 Pb 2 sulfate memorize table 4 2 in book for exams Ex write molecular ionic and net ionic 1 write chemical formula of products AgNO3 Na2CO3 Ag2CO3 NaNO3 2 balance the equation and predict the solubility of each possible product molecular equation 2AgNO3 Na2CO3 3 dissociate the soluble ionic compounds ionic equation 2Ag 2NO3 2Na CO3 Ag2CO3 ACIDS BASES NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS Acid Arrhenius a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ions H in water acids produce hydronium ions H3O HCl H2O H3O Cl Base Arrhenius a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions OH ammonia is weakly basic because it reacts to a small extent with water to yield ammonium and hydroxide ions NH3 H2O NH4 OH Common Acids and bases STRONG ACID HClO4 perchloric acid H2SO4 sulfuric acid HBr hydrobromic acid HCl hydrochloric acid HNO3 nitric acid WEAK ACID H3PO4 phosphoric acid HF hydrofluoric acid HNO2 nitrous acid CH3CO2H acetic acid STRONG BASE NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide Ba OH 2 barium hydroxide Ca OH 2 calcium hydroxide WEAK BASE NH3 ammonia study table 4 4 in textbook memorize ACID BASE WATER SALT Ex HBr Ba OH 2 H2O BaBr2 2 balance the equation 2HBr Ba OH 2 2H2O BaBr2 3 ionic equation 4 net ionic equation
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