Survey to Human Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Notes EXAM 1 Lectures 1 and 2 Types of Anatomy gross macroscopic regional systemic surface microscopic histology specialized forms Structural Organization Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level System level Organismal level Different systems of physiology Renal digestive respiratory as examples between A P Negative vs Positive feedback loops Negative reverse trend Positive keep going in same direction Negative Feedback Loop Output reverses from original Opposite of initial response to stimulus Ex thermostat system in home Ex glucose levels in blood Positive Feedback Loop Keeping original stimulus and response proceeding Same direction of initial response Ex oxytocin and birthing Relationship between systems Ex movement respiration metabolism Homeostasis dynamic state of equilibrium in which internal conditions vary but always within relatively narrow limits 97 5 99 body temperature body levels temp will fluctuate Variable control receptor control center effector RESPONSE Ex blood clotting cascade Homeostatic control allows for integration of many systems to control daily activities Cellular Level So goes the cell so goes the body Cells are at the basic entry of organization and control Many different organ systems are represented by many different types of cells The Cell Plasma Membrane bilayer of utmost importance Cytoplasm churning sea of organelles fluid maintaining cellular function Nucleus brain of cell control center Organelles mitochondria ATP production Plasma Membrane Fluid mosaic model many things make up the lipid bilayer double bilayer of lipid fat molecules define boundaries of cell separating intracellular within and extracellular outside areas Bilayer of lipid molecules hydrophobic and hydrophobic regions aggregates of fat cells due to polarity and chemical charges allow for polar heads to face extracellular regions and intracellular regions cholesterol holds in body heat keeps cells from freezing Integral Proteins Half of membrane weight of cell Important in cellular function exterior and interior only Most are transmembrane across channels carriers for transport Transport hydrophilic channel hydrolyze ATP water make to ADP as energy source Enzymatic Activity Receptors for signal transduction Peripheral proteins Glycolipids Glycocalyx Assisting cells in differentiation itself from other cells Membrane Specializations Microvilli extensions of membrane into extracellular space Protein fusion between proteins on two separate cells allowing for a strong bong creating an impermeable junction between cells Ex intestinal cells Anchoring of cells together for flexibility and resistance to tension Slightly looser connection than above connections allowing certain substances to pass between cells increase surface area of cell Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap Junctions Membrane Functions Membrane Transport Passive vs active Passive Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion absence of energy no ATP requires energy Active Active transport Vesicular transport Exocytosis endocytosis phagocytosis Passive Process Simple diffusion no water solute substance vs solvent water Concentration gradients movement from area of higher concentration to lower concentration non polar and lipid soluble Oxygen CO2 blood fat sol vitamins and alcohol Osmosis is a type of diffusion dealing with water solvent Facilitated diffusion certain substances are too charged or polar to pass through the membrane combine with protein carrier molecules that allow for transport carriers are substance specific Active Transport Need energy ATP Substances are too large or unable to utilize concentration gradient to pass alone and need active support to get across Some pass low concentration to high concentration so need energy to move Primary vs Secondary Active Transport Solute pumps attending to concentration gradients Maintenance of certain molecules inside cell and outside cell Ex sodium potassium pump direct use of ATP to pump NA and K outside and inside cell Na out K in primary active transport 3 Na out 3 K in Secondary river as substance moves Primary energy Summary Levels of organization Integration homeostatic mechanisms Cell structure plasma membrane Membrane functions active passive transport Cells extrude ions such as Na and K and exist inside and outside the cell then inclusion of some ions and exclusion of others must set up potentially different situations cells exist in different states resting membrane potential there exists an equation that defines this membrane potential What is the equation 2 sentences about it and why you think that Lectures 3 and 4 Levels of organization cell Plasma membrane Membrane specializations integral proteins One such protein Na K pump Na K ATP ase hydrolysis of a molecule of ATP provides energy to drive the activity of the pump 3 2 ratio of Na K out in 3 Na out 2 K in Electrogenic electro genic genesis Both ions are moved AGAINST their respective ion gradients antiport vs symport Concentration of Na normally regardless of anything is high outside of any cell and concentration of K is high inside of any cell Can t perform action unless we start from rest perform reaction The pump itself catalyzes the splitting of ATP ADP P enzyme This energy is necessary to get Na outside the cell and K inside Na concentration is greater outside with K conc Is greater inside Both ions are moved against conc Gradient Most cells have numerous Na K pumps 200 per red blood cells 35 000 per white blood cells several million per cell in segments of kidney tubules This dedication obviously represents an enormous expenditure of energy to maintain this steep gradient of Na outside and K inside 4 major Functions of Na K pump The steep gradient of Na out is used to drive or provide energy for the coupled transport symport of other molecules secondary active transport the activity of the pumps can be adjusted to regulate resting caloric expenditure and basal metabolic rate of the body over half of calories are used to make pump work the Na and K gradients across the cell membranes of nerve and muscle cells are used to produce electrochemical impulses needed for the functions of nerves and muscles the active extrusion of Na is important for osmotic reasons to be discussed next week Membrane specializations allow for the precise and important activities of different cells Membrane potentials As a result of the permeability properties of the