REVIEW SHEET FOR EXAM 3 COMM 245 FINAL EXAM Thursday May 21 10 30 12 30 120 Smith Gatekeeping review Agenda setting review Those who make decisions about what news is reported Ability of the news media to transfer issues of importance from their news media agendas to public agendas doesn t change your views How TV networks pre test pilots review 1 Prototype research at the American Research Institute of LA pre test pilots 2 People are invited to watch a screening of a pilot can turn a dial on arm of their chair from very dull to very good normally around 400 people 3 TV network programming executives will reserve one cable TV channel and show pilot to viewers to ask if they like the pilot Content analysis shows that children s programs have a higher frequency of violence in them then adults shows o o o there are 7 incidents of violence per hour on programs that are meant for children there are 11 incidents of violence per hour on ABC family channel 5 incidents of violence per hour on prime time TV Longitudinal study Study of an individual over a long period of time The longer the study the more credible it is Social construction of reality what we see on television is not how it appears in real life reality is only what you perceive it to be Albert Bandura s studies of effects of violent TV or film on children Bobo Doll Rocky character Found that kids were more aggressive after watching a violent movie watched their parents or older people mistreat bobo doll and they imitated them Monroe Lefkowitz study of TV and adolescent aggression 10 year study that found that children who were unpopular at age 8 were unpopular at 18 and watched more TV as they got older The more teenagers liked violent programs the more realistic they thought the programs were Boys with lower IQ and lower SES were more likely to watch TV violence and be aggressive Eron Huesmann studies of TV viewing and adolescent aggression Found that frequency of TV viewing at age 8 predicted seriousness of crimes committed at age 30 1972 Surgeon General Jesse Steinfeld s Report on effects of television violence on children 60 Studies found causal relationship between TV violence and subsequent aggression in real life Conditions under which children are more likely to imitate television violence if the child is unpopular teenagers who liked watching violent TV programs boys with low IQ scores Gerbner type of programs which contain highest frequency of violent acts Children s programs contain a higher frequency of violence than adult programs o o o 7 Incidents of violence per hour on childrens programs 11 incidence of violence per hour on ABC Family Channel 5 incidence of violence per hour on primetime TV Three hypotheses on effects of TV violence Catharsis Hypothesis o TV violence provides safe harmless vicarious outlet for frustration makes people less violent false Aggressive stimulation modeling hypothesis o TV violence increases aggressive behavior in kids o TV violence de sensitizes adults to pain and suffering in real life Catalytic Hypothesis o TV violence has no effect except to trigger certain unstable individuals into committing violent acts Effects of programs such as The Doomsday Flight Fuzz Born Innocent The or Taxi Driver Deerhunter Fuzz Sunday night movie woman was burned alive with gasoline The Doomsday Flight bombing and extortion threats Born Innocent girl got raped with a beer bottle copying the plunger rape scene Deer Hunter 31 cases of Russian Roulette killing themselves 28 died instantly Taxi Driver John Hinkely instigated to shoot president Reagan The Mean World Syndrome characters most often portrayed as victims of TV violence video shown in class George Gerbner was trying to get people to become aware of the skewed vision of real life people obtain from the TV the victims on TV are often women and many of the time they are minority females o o the most frequent female TV victim is the elderly women in real life men are most often the victim of violence against other men ages 16 25 Conclusions of Brandon Centerwall regarding TV violence homicides and violence as a public health issue Epidemiological Study Homicide rate in the USA and Canada doubled 10 15 years after TV was introduced 1975 White homicides in in South Africa increased 56 after TV was introduced in Effects on rate of violent crime in real life after major news coverage Increase in suicides single car accidents private plane crashes and 4 days after extensive coverage of criminals getting life sentence or death penalty homicide rate drops significantly Parents Television Council is a US based censorship advocacy group the council says whether television programs will be harmful or beneficial to child development based on research reports the council actively works to make sure that broadcasters and producers conform to the councils advice Identifies best Dancing With the Stars Kung Fu Panda Extreme Makeover Home Edition American Idol and worst American Dad Family Guy programs for children families Account Executive Creative Director Media Buyer Liaison with clients companies that want to create advertisements In charge of copyrighting graphics and layouts Select most effective media in which to place advertisements or commercials Research Staff Personnel Gather demographic and psychographic information on the target audience in order to help media buyers decide where to place ads and commercials American Association of Advertising Agencies creates the code of ethics for advertising agencies National Advertising Review Council also known as National Advertising Review Board they investigate complaints about illegal or unethical advertising do not have the legal power of enforcement to regulate false advertising like the federal trade commission does must rely on the voluntary cooperation of advertisers Definition of subliminal messages Below the threshold of consciousness beyond the reach of personal awareness What do advertisers want you to remember about their products the subconscious Their brand name Product placement Writing a brand name product into a television or movie script first example ET used Reese s How did the U S Army improve its advertising campaign several years ago in order to attract new recruits Gave stronger financial incentives dropped the HS diploma requirement accepted those with criminal backgrounds gave waivers for disabilities and started a Sears clothing line published Graphic Novels and put out an online