Exam 2 Study Guide CH 6 7 8 11 16 CH 6 MEMORY Memory Memory illusion false yet subjectively compelling memory Memories are NOT produced they are actively constructed and The ability to store and retrieve information over time reconstructed Three key functions of memory Encoding The process by which we transform what we perceive The process of maintaining information in memory over o Encoding o Storage think or feel into an enduring memory time been previously encoded and stored o Retrieval The process of bringing to mind the information that has o Memories are made by combining new information with information we already had They are constructed o Three Major ways to Encode Visual Imagery Encoding Elaborative Encoding Baker The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory information by converting it into mental pictures information according to relationships among a series of items The process of categorizing The process of storing new Organizational Encoding o Semantic Judgments Lower Left Frontal Lobe o Visual Judgments Occipital Lobe o Organizational Judgments Upper Left Frontal Lobe o Survival Information Based on natural selection memory mechanisms that help us survive should be passed down Storage o Three major kinds of memory storage Sensory Memory a few seconds or less Iconic Memory Echoic Memory information Storage that holds sensory information for a fast decaying store of visual information a fast decaying store of auditory STM Also known as working memory Short Term Memory storage that holds non sensory information for more than a few seconds but less then a minute can hold about 7 items Rehearsal the process of keeping information in STM by mentally repeating it larger clusters that are more easily held in STM combining small pieces of information into Chunking Working Memory active maintenance of information in STM Long Term Memory days weeks years no known capacity o Store information indefinitely Storage that holds information for hours Span o Sensory memory o STM o LTM Limited Chunking Unlimited High Function Duration Amnesia o Sensory memory o STM o LTM storage of info currently being used storage of info indefinitely temporary storage of sensory info o Sensory memory o STM o LTM Less than 20 seconds Lifetime Less than a few seconds o Anterograde o Retrograde o Generalized Loss of events that occurred AFTER the accident Loss of events that occurred BEFORE the accident Very very rare and recovery is gradual Retrieval Cues Encoding Specificity Hints to make retrieval of memories easier Ex Driving past Retrieval is easier when the retrieval conditions a restaurant you took your girlfriend to for her birthday match the encoding conditions These can be external or internal Superior Retrieval memories situation to situation when the encoding context of situations match When external content matches context of original Recalled intentionally memory is more likely to transfer from Transfer Appropriate Proccessing Explicit memory o Episodic o Semantic Implicit memory o Procedural o Priming has been encountered memory from events general knowledge Recalled unconsciously actions or behaviors Seven SINS of memory o 1 Transience identifying a stimulus more quickly when a similar stimulus Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time Retroactive inhibition Proactive inhibition New info blocks old info Old info blocks new info o 2 Absentmindedness a lapse in attention that results in memory Prospective memory remember to do things in future failure o 3 Blocking memory even though you are trying to produce it a failure to retrieve information that is available in assigning an idea or a recollection to the wrong a feeling a familiarity about something that hasn t the tendency to incorporate misleading information from the distorting influences of present knowledge beliefs and feelings the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could detailed recollections of when and where we 4 Memory Misattribution source been encountered before o False Recognition 6 Bias 5 Suggestibility external sources into personal recollections on recollection of previous experiences forget 7 Persistence o Flashbulb memory heard about shocking events CH 7 LEARNING Learning state of the learner Classical Conditioning Pavlov experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the o Involves pairing a neutral stimulus metronome with one meat that typically elicits a reflexive behavior salivating o After a sufficient number of trials the neutral stimulus metronome begins to elicit the behavior 4 key elements to Pavlov o Unconditioned stimulus o Unconditioned response o Conditioned stimulus o Conditioned response Unconditioned stimulus o a stimulus that elicits an automatic reflexive response o this is unconditioned not learned or trained Unconditioned response o Automatic reflexive response natural to the UCS Phases of Classical Conditioning o Acquisition Gradual learning of Conditioned Response through pairings of Conditions Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus presented alone enough times Condition Response stops when Conditioned Stimulus is o Extinction Renewal Effect A sudden reemergence of an extinct Conditioned Spontaneous Recovery Response after a delay in exposer to the Conditioned Stimulus when the organism is placed in the original conditioning environment organisms behavior learning controlled by the consequences of the the tendency of an extinct conditioned response to return Operant Conditioning o Voluntary behavior connected to some response or consequence o Proceeds through reinforcement and punishment Thorndikes Law of Effect o If the pairing of the stimulus and a response produces a satisfying result the bond between the two is strengthened o S R psychology stimulus response Reinforcement o Positive o Negative INCREASE a behavior Add stimulus reward Subtract stimulus take away award Punishment WEAKEN a behavior o Positive o Negative Add stimulus spanking Subtract stimulus take away toys reinforce a behavior every time it occurs reinforce a behavior only occasionally Learning that isn t directly observable Learning by watching others in prefrontal cortex and are activated when watching Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement Latent Learning Observational Learning Mirror Neurons someone else do something CH 8 EMOTION AND MOTIVATION Emotion pattern of physiological activity Classic theories of emotion a positive or negative