EXAM 1 Study Guide YOU KNOW YOU ARE READY FOR THE TEST IF YOU ARE ABLE TO Define psychology and describe the goals that psychologists hope to achieve Psychology scientific study of behavior mental processes everything you think do Goals of Psychology 1 Describe behavior What constantly thinking how the world works coming up with reasons for things ex People watching until tested you don t know the answer 2 Explain behavior Why constantly thinking how the world works coming up with reasons for things ex People watching until tested you don t know the answer 3 Predict behavior Under what circumstances 4 Control Change behavior how can we change clinical fields or professions people seek help Structuralism describing the mind by breaking thoughts down into their most complex to more basic element Assumptions 1 long reaction time means a more complex thought with more elements 2 short reaction time means a simple or basic thought element with less units Describe the history of psychology basic elements ideas How Willhelm Wundt around 1870 he was doing experiments on processes behaviors was the first person to call himself as psychologist Father of Psychology His methods Reaction Time event time passes Response involved Introspection looking inside of self for our own thoughts time Gestalt Psychology whole thing focusing on the big picture Structuralism describing WHAT IS MIND basic units of thought compare to come up with universal reasons Ex APPLE red sweet juicy smooth round etc what s wrong Opposite assumptions from people w variety of answers Ex A different person could say green dry bumpy sour etc biased method not very scientific but used because it s all we had for a long can t understand human thought if you look at one piece at a time ex The in class human chain reaction basic units elemental thoughts VS Functionalism explaining WHAT IS MIND FOR scientists philosophers psychologists used to sit in a room debate between these ideas Behaviorism emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses the environments that determine those responses Phrenology a study of bumps on your head and describes what kind of person you are your traits Discuss the current state of psychology including the most common perspectives Psychology in America for purpose Seven Contemporary Approaches in Psychology Biological Behavioral Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Evolutionary Sociocultural Approach Biological Approach human animal behavior is seen as the direct results of events in the body ex measuring sweat on skin related to lies studying brain areas involved when we recall a memory investing the brain s activity while we sleep Behavioral Approach emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses the environments that determine those responses started by John B Watson B F Skinner s theory of operant learning the idea that you can modify behavior using various rewards punishments Psychodynamic Approach mental behavioral problems are caused by conflicts between acceptable behavior unacceptable unconscious desires ex Sigmund Freud Austrian Physician Humanistic Approach emphasizes free will self actualization and human nature as growth seeking experiences motivations for behavior Carl Rodgers Abraham Maslow emphasizes free will self authentication ideal self full human potential when we fall short or obstacles we are unhappy or dissatisfied with ourselves could cause emotional problems some people fully self actualized people like MLK Jr Nelson Mandala the rest of people are trying Cognitive Approach study of how we think remember store use info from our environment using a vast array of mental processes ex How do we learn language form concepts what is intelligence Evolutionary Approach focus on natural selection adaptation the evolution of behavior causes of behavior are attributed to those that lead to greater productiveness ex Revolutionary theory of mate selection Sociocultural Approach emphasizes social interactions cultural determinants of behavior mental processes specifically ethnicity religion occupation socioeconomic status as predictors control how we think or behave ex does socioeconomic status effect your health do people who work the night shift have shorter life spans do people of a particular ethnicity perform better or worse on SAT tests Describe the scientific method and its purpose which research method should be used to answer any given scientific question how psychologists gain knowledge about mind behavior Scientific empirical approach objective unbiased measures critical thinking Scientific Method 1 Make observation or perceive question 2 Form hypothesis 3 Test the hypothesis 4 Draw conclusions critical thinking 5 Report results share with people confirm with other s questions Discuss descriptive research correlational research and experimental research and identify the differences between these three types of research methods Descriptive research observe collect record data 3 types 1 Naturalistic observation watching people animals in natural setting make speculations 2 Case studies in depth study of a single sub Or small group of people unusual case person or group anything rare ex NBC vid Reverse Evolution Turkish sibs walk on all 4s careful not to violate study subjects privacy potential problems don t know if things are true because of what you re studying or if everyone is just different naturally 3 Survey research form of polling to measure a wide variety of psychological behaviors attitudes ex Flawed advantage quick many responses with lots of data disadvantage might not all be accurate errors Correlational research observing or measuring 2 or more variables to find the relationships between them can NOT determine cause effect relations ex Water sunshine plant growth class attendance exam performance explains direction and strength with correlational coefficient r Experimental research explains behavior Experimental Research experimenter manipulates the variable of interest while holding all other factors constants CAN determine cause and effect relationships statements this factor is what causing this behavior Ex you often wonder Does stress interfere w memory Does sugar intake really cause hyperactivity video games violence which weight loss program works the best Introduce the peripheral nervous system and describe its role in the body Peripheral 2 Autonomic motor system the automatic nervous systems involuntary activates or
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