Group Influence Chapter 8 Group two or more people who for longer than a few moments interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as us Co actors co participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity Social facilitation original meaning the tendency of people to perform simple or well learned tasks better when others are present current meaning the strengthening of dominant prevalent likely responses in the presence of others Strengthens dominant response enhance easy behavior impair difficult behavior Heightened arousal in crowded homes also tends to increase stress less distress with many rooms Evaluation apprehension concern for how others are evaluating us Being in a crowd or in crowded conditions is similarly arousing and facilitates dominant responses Evaluation apprehension and distraction conflict between paying attention to others and focusing on the task arousal Social loafing the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable Free riders people who benefit from the group but give little in return Group members work less hard when performing such additive tasks Diffused responsibility tempts individual group members to free ride on the group s efforts People put forth more effort in group when goal is important rewards are significant and team spirit exists Deindividuation loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms good or bad group size anonymity arousing and distracting activities clapping diminished self awareness Self awareness a self conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions Group polarization group produced enhancement of members preexisting tendencies a strengthening of the members average tendency not a split within the group risky shift not universal group polarization in schools in communities on internet in terrorist organizations explain polarization informational influence active participation in discussion and normative influence social comparison and pluralistic ignorance social comparison evaluating one s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others pluralistic ignorance a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling or how they are responding information gleaned from discussion mostly favors the initially preferred alternative thus reinforcing support for it groupthink the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action Janis symptoms illusion of invulnerability unquestioned belief in groups morality closed minded rationalization stereotyped view of opponent uniformity conformity pressure self censorship illusion of unanimity mindguards prevent groupthink uphold impartiality encourage devils advocate subdivide and reunite to discuss seek outside input have second chance meeting before implementing groups can be more accurate than individuals groups generate more and better ideas if group is small or if in a large group individual brainstorming follows group session consistency self confidence defections from majority leadership the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group task leadership leadership that organizes work sets standards and focuses on goals social leadership leadership that builds teamwork mediates conflict and offers support transformational leadership leadership that enabled by a leader s vision and inspiration exerts significant influence minority speaking up can increase majority self doubt and prompt to consider other alternatives minority most influential when consistent and persistent self confident and elicit defections from majority Aggression Chapter 10 Aggression physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone Hostile aggression aggression that springs from anger its goal is to injure Instrumental aggression aggression that aims to injure but only as a means to some other end Instinctive behavior an innate unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species Neural amygdala genetic influences biochemical influences alcohol testosterone poor diet Testosterone dominance dominance testosterone Frustration aggression theory the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress hostile explain Frustration the blocking of goal directed behavior Displacement the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration Generally the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target Frustration anger and aggression cues aggression Relative deprivation the perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself Social learning theory the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished Bandura bobo doll Social learning enables family and subcultural influences on aggression as well as media influences Frustration from the gap between expectations and achievements Aversive influences pain heat attacks arousal Repeated exposure to erotic films featuring quick uncommitted sex also tends to decrease attraction for ones partner increase acceptance of extramarital sex and of womens sexual submission to men increase mens perceiving women in sexual terms Prosocial behavior positive constructive helpful social behavior the opposite of antisocial behavior Social scripts culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations Catharsis emotional release the catharsis view of aggression is that the aggressive drive is reduced when one releases aggressive energy either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression actually increases Viewing violence breeds increase in aggressive behavior desensitizes viewers to aggression alters perceptions of reality Counteract factors provoking reduce aversive stimulation reward and model nonaggression elicit reactions incompatible with aggression Social Influence Chapter 6 Conformity a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure Compliance conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing Obedience acting in accord with a direct order or command Acceptance conformity that involves both acting and