MPC 7 8 10 Chapter 7 Movies and the Impact of Image 1400s Leonardo da Vinci theorized service that could produce reality 1600s the magic Lantern projected images on glass plates using oil lamps as light source 1834 thaumatrope 2 sided card with different images that appeared to combine as twirled Moving photos Eadweard Muybridge 1st person to make images move 1880 projected photographs on wall for public viewing George Eastman developed 1st roll of film 1884 Louis Aime Augustin Le Prince invented 1st motion picture camera using roll film credited with filming the 1st motion picture Roundhay Garden Scene in 188 12 frames sec 1890 mysteriously disappeared Hannibal Goodwin made celluloid thin strips of transparent material that could hold chemicals sensitive to light in 1889 enables rapid successions of photographs Kinetography single person viewing system a Kinetoscope that s a small projection system requiring individual viewers to look through small hole to see moving images on small plates Cinematography Louis and Auguste Lumiere combined camera film development and projection system vitascope longer filmstrips could be projected without interruption Edison 1896 Edison s 1st public show in NY Early movies were one continuous shot that rarely told a story Narrative Films movies that tell stories through series of actions depicted entrepreneurial stage to mass media Earliest include George Melies man who had 1st public theater in 1896 Vanishing Lady 1896 Cinderella 1899 A Trip to the Moon 1902 He used slow mo and cartoon animation Edwin S Porter shot narrative scenes out of order and edited them to tell a story The Life of an American Fireman 1902 that included 1st recorded close up Great Train Robbery 1903 Nickelodeans type of movie theater 5 cent admission showed films that usually transcended language barriers 1907 1909 number skyrocketed from 5 000 to 10 000 and craze peaked in 1910 Hollywood Studio System Vertical integration controlling production distribution exhibition 3 parts of an industry managing moviemaking studio system creative talent firmly controlled by certain powerful studios Oligopoly situation in which industry is controlled by few new firms Thomas Edison Motion Picture Patents Company 1908 AKA Trust Independents Adolph Zukor Paramount Pictures William Fox Fox Film Company aka 20th Century Fox Three Pillars vertical integration movies are produced copies are distributed to people or companies who get them to theaters and then movies are exhibited in theaters 1 Production Pillar for choice of actors for a particular film audiences preferred specific actors to anonymous ones studio systems began controlling talent in movie industry 1920s United Artists Mary Pickford Douglas Fairbanks Charlie Chaplin and D W Griffith Triangle director Thomas Ince constituted a kind of assembly line for movie making talent actors editors writers and all others worked under exclusive contracts for major studios 1st studio head appointed producers to handle hirings logistics and finances so he could easily supervise many pictures at once Pooling talent rather than patents turned out to be a more ingenious tactic for movie studios 2 Distribution 2 main strategies pooling patents or pooling talent 1904 movie companies provided vaudeville theaters w films and projectors on a film exchange system In return for their short films movie producers received a small of the vaudeville ticket gate receipts to pay the Trust s patent fees Edison s Trust Tactic withheld projection equipment from theater companies not willing Block booking Adolph Zukor movie exhibitors wanted access to popular films w big stars like Mary Pickford had to also rent or marginal films featuring no stars 3rd Strategy some companies marketed American films in Europe 3 Exhibition innovations such as constructing more inviting theaters attracted more middle upper class viewers With Edison s Trust if theaters wanted to show films they had to purchase a license from Trust and pay price asked this collapsed comforting viewing environment Major studios eventually only needed to own the first run theaters that premiered new films in major downtown areas in front of large audiences 85 95 of all film revenue Movie Palaces full time single screen theaters that provided a more enjoyable 1914 1st movie palace in NY the Three Thousand Seat Strand Theater mid city theaters 1920s multiplexes megaplexes featured many screens 14 usually that ft digital production and sound 3 D and giant IMAX screens Development of Style use of narrative techniques 1915 close up shots multiple storylines Emphasis on HOW story is told D W Griffith star director The Birth of a Nation 1915 1st ft length film 1 hr in US social dramas mysteries comedies horror films sci fi war crime dramas westerns Intro to sound in 1927 Talkies sound pictures seen in really all films by 1931 85 1910 AT T s Bell Cabs produced prototypes of loudspeakers and sound amps sound film newsreels weekly 10 min complications of news events from around the world Timing Marketing and luck made movies classics Ex Gone with the wind Casablanca The Avengers Moonrise Kingdom 1930 40s narratives included story and discourse Presented with recognizable character types and have clear beginning middle and end gangster western horror fantasy sci fi film noir black film CGI computer generated graphics Hollywood genres comedy drama romance action adventure mystery suspense Golden Age directors Alfred Hitchcock Howard Hughes Sam Goldwyn Busby Berkley Only 4 women have received Academy Awards for directing Lina Wertmuller 1976 Jane Campion 1994 Sofia Coppola 2004 Kathryn Bigelow 2010 Well Known African American directors Kasi Lemmons 2007 John Leton 2011 Spike Lee 2014 Alternatives to Feature lengths pov 1 Foreign films less than 2 of motion pics today in USA subtitles w non hollywood 2 Documentaries interest films Directors interpret reality by recording real people and settings evolved from several earlier types of nonfictional movies educational non commercial cinema verite French for truth films 1950 60s created this doc style w portable cameras controversial topics 3 Independent films Indes shoestring budget show their movies in campus auditoriums small film fests and maybe independent theaters On Netflix Transformation Paramount Decision 1948 court ruling forced bigger vertically integrated studios to break up their ownership of movie production distribution and exhibition After WWII people