Lecture Presentation Chapter 1 Introduction Matter and Measurement John D Bookstaver St Charles Community College Cottleville MO 2012 Pearson Education Inc Chemistry In this science we study matter its properties and its behavior 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Matter We define matter as anything that has mass and takes up space 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter Each element is made of the same kind of atom A compound is made of two or more different kinds of elements 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement States of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Classification of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Classification of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Classification of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Classification of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Classification of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Classification of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Classification of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Classification of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Classification of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter Matter And And Measurement Measurement Classification of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter Matter And And Measurement Measurement Properties and Changes of Matter 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Types of Properties Physical Properties Can be observed without changing a substance into another substance Boiling point density mass volume etc Chemical Properties Can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance Flammability corrosiveness reactivity with acid etc 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Types of Properties Intensive Properties Are independent of the amount of the substance that is present Density boiling point color etc Extensive Properties Depend upon the amount of the substance present Mass volume energy etc 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Types of Changes Physical Changes These are changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance Changes of state temperature volume etc Chemical Changes Chemical changes result in new substances Combustion oxidation decomposition etc 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Chemical Reactions In the course of a chemical reaction the reacting substances are converted to new substances 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Separation of Mixtures 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Filtration In filtration solid substances are separated from liquids and solutions 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Distillation Distillation uses differences in the boiling points of substances to separate a homogeneous mixture into its components 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Chromatography This technique separates substances on the basis of differences in solubility in a solvent 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Units of Measurement 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement SI Units Syst me International d Unit s A different base unit is used for each quantity 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Metric System Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being measured 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Volume The most commonly used metric units for volume are the liter L and the milliliter mL A liter is a cube 1 decimeter dm long on each side A milliliter is a cube 1 centimeter cm long on each side 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Temperature By definition temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Temperature In scientific measurements the Celsius and Kelvin scales are most often used The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water 0 C is the freezing point of water 100 C is the boiling point of water Matter And Measurement 2012 Pearson Education Inc Temperature The kelvin is the SI unit of temperature It is based on the properties of gases There are no negative Kelvin temperatures K C 273 15 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Temperature The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific measurements F 9 5 C 32 C 5 9 F 32 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Derived Units Density is a physical property of a substance It has units g mL for example that are derived from the units for mass and volume d m V 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Uncertainty in Measurement 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Uncertainty in Measurements Different measuring devices have different uses and different degrees of accuracy 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Significant Figures The term significant figures refers to digits that were measured When rounding calculated numbers we pay attention to significant figures so we do not overstate the accuracy of our answers 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Significant Figures 1 All nonzero digits are significant 2 Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant 3 Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant 4 Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is written in the number 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Significant Figures When addition or subtraction is performed answers are rounded to the least significant decimal place When multiplication or division is performed answers are rounded to the number of digits that corresponds to the least number of significant figures in any of the numbers used in the calculation 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Accuracy versus Precision Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Dimensional Analysis We use dimensional analysis to convert one quantity to another Most commonly dimensional analysis utilizes conversion factors e g 1 in 2 54 cm 1 in 2 54 cm or 2 54 cm 1 in 2012 Pearson Education Inc Matter And Measurement Dimensional Analysis Use the form of the conversion factor that puts the sought for