Psych 111 Exam 2 Chapter 7 Motivation Motivation energizer and director of behavior Primary biological Regulatory survival hunger Nonregulatory sex Secondary social affiliation and achievement Drive reduction behavior driven to satisfy need created by internal state of biological disequilibrium relief reward produced by removing tension of drive Homeostasis internal balance or equilibrium defends set points Drive state of tension and arousal triggered by cues important for survival biological need Drive reduction theory disequilibrium creates needs that drive behavior Arousal stimulation or activation of a particular feeling or sensation whether it be physiological psychological sexual Incentive behavior guided by expectation of reward Extrinsic desire to perform behavior for external reward Intrinsic desire to do something for enjoyment of behavior Hierarchy of needs social needs satisfied after biological Hunger regulated by hypothalamus Biological factors stomach chemical brain signals Psychological memory of last meal mood sight and smell of food Sociocultural familiarity of food taste preferences cultural ideals of body Glucose type of sugar that plays an important role in hunger levels Leptin hormone secreted by fat cells that helps the body maintain an appropriate level of stored fat Satiety a sense of feeling full Body mass index BMI height to weight ratio Causes of obesity genetics environment culture social factors higher in city Sex Biological factors chemical brain signals Psychological sexual stimuli and fantasies Sociocultural family religious society values and cultural expectations Sexual orientation enduring pattern of sexual attraction Causes of homosexuality genetics hormones brain differences Achievement desire to excel or outperform others Self actualization state of having fulfilled your potential Hawthorne motivational studies Focused on working conditions and productivity lighting Found social variable more important researcher s attention employee attitudes and behavior Monetary rewards were second Consequences of social need Sense of belonging increases self esteem Social exclusion demoralization depression Consequences of achievement need people choose tasks that allow for success Chapter 7 Emotion Emotion feelings that involve subjective evaluation physiological processes and cognitive beliefs Mood diffuse long lasting emotional state that influences rather than interrupts behavior Behavioral Actions how you show emotion to others crossing arms facial expressions Physiological Brain body Sympathetic nervous system high blood pressure sweaty Parasympathetic regulates relaxed feeling Cognitions Thoughts and attributes identifying and evaluating emotions How is emotion measured Physiological heart rate skin conductance Behavioral Facial Electromyogram Amygdala processes emotional relevance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reaction activates hippocampus which consolidates memory Emotions are lateralized Right side behavioral inhibition negative affect anxiety Left side behavioral approach positive affect depression Display rules norms that specify when where and how a person should express emotion significant differences can result from socialization Yerkes Dodson Law ideal amount of arousal interacts with the complexity of task Theories of Emotion James Lange theory emotions are result of physiological arousal and appraisal of that arousal heart pounding leads to fear Cannon Bard theory emotions and physical reaction happen independently and simultaneously Schachter Singer Two Factor Theory stimulus leads to arousal and cognitive label which leads to emotion Facial Feedback Hypothesis facial expressions trigger experiences of emotion Catharsis views emotion as reservoir that fills up and spills over predicts than expressing an emotion will reduce arousal Somatovisceral Afference Model different emotional states produce physical responses ranging from specific to ambiguous Emotional deregulation Cognitive restructuring identifying and changing emotions feelings Physiologically meditate control breathing Behaviorally modeling positive behaviors exercising Facial Action Coding System taxonomizes and identifies different facial expressions Paul Ekman showed facial expressions are universal and therefore likely biologically based Chapter 8 Learning Learning relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience Nonassociative changes magnitude of response to single stimulus Habituation reduced response to repeated stimuli Sensitization increased response to strong stimulus Associative form connections among behaviors Classical and operant conditioning Observational learns by watching actions of another Classical Conditioning learning association between paired stimuli Law of contiguity things occurring close in time or space are associated Unconditioned stimulus naturally triggers response Unconditioned response naturally occurring Neutral Stimulus not paired with unconditioned stimulus and elicits no response Conditioned Stimulus previous neutral stimulus that is paired with unconditioned stimulus and triggers conditioned response Acquisition development of conditioned response requires contiguity close proximity in time between CS and UCS Extinction conditioned response disappears Spontaneous recovery reappearance of weak conditioned response when conditioned stimulus is present Generalization tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original CS Discrimination responses only to specific CS distinction between stimuli Higher order conditioning learning in which stimuli associated with CS also elicit conditioned responding scared of doghouse of dog who bit you Latent inhibition slower learning that occurs when conditioned stimulus is already familiar compared to when conditioned stimulus is unfamiliar sick bc of weird food Operant conditioning learning consequences of response Law of Effect consequences of response effect likelihood it will be repeated Positive reinforcement add something and increase behavior outcome desirable Negative reinforcement remove an aversive stimulus Positive punishment administer an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior Negative punishment withdraw desired stimulus outcome is undesirable Continuous reinforcement behavior always reinforced Intermittent reinforcement not always reinforced more resistant to extinction Fixed interval reinforce response after set time Fixed ratio