EXAM 2 Study Guide YOU KNOW YOU ARE READY FOR THE TEST IF YOU ARE ABLE TO Understand the cycles of our circadian rhythms and the brain areas involved with their control Explain the factors that control sleep and the stages of sleep Talk about how researchers study sleep and their theories about why we sleep Discuss some of the disorders of sleep Introduce the research methods and major issues in developmental psychology including the nature versus nurture controversy Describe the stages of prenatal development and potential hazards Describe the physical and cognitive development in infancy and childhood Discuss the theories of Piaget with regards to cognitive development Discuss theories of psychosocial development such as temperament and attachment and parenting styles Discuss the physical cognitive and moral development of adolescents Define social psychology and identify the different aspects of social behavior studied by social psychologists Discuss the various aspects of social cognition including impression formation our perception of self attribution theory and attitudes Discuss social behavior and social influence as it relates to altruism conformity and obedience Describe the types of group influence and factors governing intergroup relations Review Outline This is an OUTLINE You need to fill in the details from your notes in class Chapter 4 States of Consciousness What is consciousness Awareness of external events and internal sensations while under a condition of arousal Distinction between awareness and arousal awareness more physiological thoughts and paying attention to your actual thoughts subjective state of reflecting about yourself your thoughts and your experiences A FORM of metacognition arousal physiologically awake and have responses physiological state of being engaged with the environment but not necessarily being awake or aware ex automatic pilot body is awake but not even aware of doing it Definition of metacognition thinking about thinking Five different levels of Awareness 1 Higher level Consciousness Controlled Processing in which individuals are actively thinking and alter focused on their tasks and goals Controlled processing must really be paying attention to what you are doing actively thinking about them When we are doing something new we must concentrate Ex learning new instrument studying learning to drive stick shift cannot be distracted by other things 2 Lower level Consciousness Automatic processing and daydreaming which requires little attention span Multitasking ex dribbling basketball while talking to someone driving eating typing Ex when you re trying to sleep thoughts are just actively drifting into your mind 3 Altered states of Consciousness produced by drugs trauma fatigue perceiving things differently under the influence ex drunk seeing 4 fingers instead of 2 after being hit in the head ex on 30 rock when she took pills to calm down on plane thinks person next to her is Oprah 4 Subconscious Awareness usually occurs when people are asleep dreaming and primitive brain processing also sometime occurs when we are awake we are never aware of things that are happening to us ex talking in your sleep responding to people in your sleep knowing you re dreaming lucid dreaming waking up to alarm and alarm is playing in your dream 5 No awareness usually occurs when we are knocked out or anesthesia possibly can happen while awake Ex shaking someone won t wake up anesthesia surgery no pain while we are awake Freud said that there is unconscious processing even while we re awake even alcohol to pass out anesthetized Circadian Rhythms 24 hr cycles behaviors that synchronize with the cycle of the day we have evolved to feel how many hours there are in a day our brains work according to that ex sleep wake cycle body temps Blood pressures blood sugar levels Biological Clock brain system that detects the passage of time using internal external cutes regulates body systems accordingly Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the hypothalamus uses the input from the eyes to synchronize its rhythm with the daily cycle of light dark Regulates our internal clock using light and dark Zeitgeber time giver the light that sets our clock to time 0 when we wake up in the morning What happens when you remove the SCN it has been removed from hamsters they will still sleep but cannot stay in same pattern because body can t figure out what they need awake asleep awake asleep awake asleep over over Effects of sleep deprivation death but no one could actually stay awake long enough your body will fall asleep make you Disruptions to Circadian rhythms crankiness irritability sleepiness poor memory performance poor moral judgments health costs Night shift get blackout curtains and sleep during the day Jet lag best to try to stay awake and reset your biological clock How to reset your biological clock sleep wake up at appropriate times exposure to appropriate light dark cues Melatonin good not bad for you helps to adjust to time zone changes Theories about why we sleep Adaptive because we don t see very well in the day we rely on our sight senses to survive it help keeps us safe and conserving our energy while we can t see Restorative people that stay sedentary sleep about the same as active people scientists haven t found anything that is really depleted During the day that is actually repaired or restored while we are sleep No definitive answer about why we sleep Studying sleep attach electrodes on temples to measure eyes Rapid Eye Movement sleep REM Also attach electrodes on legs arms to see how or when you move or lack thereof during sleep During certain parts of sleep we are paralyzed Use of EEG measuring electrodes through skull onto surface of skin way to monitor without drilling into anything EMG electrode myograms on muscles Stages of wakefulness and sleep Beta waves vs alpha waves Beta Waves tiny close together but high frequency Alpha Waves taller farther apart can see individual waves Stage 1 sleep theta activity drowsy sleep easily woken up head nod myoclonic jerks neck muscles finally relax your head will fall back and your brain interprets it as falling backwards or something jerks feel like you re literally falling misinterpret safety reflex Transition of being awake to going to sleep theta waves Stage 2 sleep mostly theta activity irregular EEG signals quiet sleep because people don t normally move Less sensitive to noises snoring Difficult grouchy to wake up sleep
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