Chapter 5 Part 3 Pages 144 146 Pharmacological Treatments cont Antagonist treatments Involve drugs that block effects of addicting drug Experimental mostly not as frequent as agonist treatments GABAA receptor blocker limits effect of alcohol Animal trials have shown strong results Guido albino rat and Alfy Alfy trashed drunk Guido should be too but he was given a GABAA blocker so he looks fine see page 144 in book Problems Can still overdose on the drug even if you don t feel it Doesn t deal with withdrawal symptoms Doesn t tackle the root of the problem Patient can decide at any time to not take the antagonist and use the drug again Aversive treatments Cause negative reaction when person takes the addicting drug Uses negative reinforcement to help them quit Antabuse prevents breakdown of alcohol by products makes you ill if you drink alcohol toxins build up in bloodstream and go to area postrema which makes you feel sick Problems Can stop treatment at any time Is this ethical Doctors swear not to cause harm and they would be doing that here Antidrug vaccines Stimulate immune system to produce antibodies that break down the drug Won t have an effect because the drug molecules are taken apart Advantage Only need one dosage for months or years longterm action Avoid side effects of other medicines aversive Problems Could possibly overdose if the addict keeps seeking the drug Interfering medications Could transfer their addiction to another similar drug once they re vaccinated against their original addiction Pharmacological treatments for drug addiction are still somewhat controversial unsure whether addiction is more biological or psychological most likely in the middle of both Chapter 6 Motivation and Regulation of Internal States Pages 156 158 Motivation set of factors that initiate sustain and direct behavior Useful concept for organizing ideas about the sources of behavior Broad definition some want to get rid of it entirely as when Behaviorism was the most used form of psychology Inability to explain behavior solely in terms of external stimuli which is why behaviorism fell out and cognitive psychology emerged largely Theoretical Approaches to Motivation Instinct complex behavior Reflex simplest form of behavior sensory connected to motor neuron Instinct very long chains of reflexes more complex Criteria Automatic once it starts it goes to completion Unlearned born with all or nearly all neuromuscular and sensory equipment necessary for action Occurs in all members of a species In humans closest you get is sexual behavior smiling when happy more reflex than instinct though In animals spiders building a web complex structure given in genes many bird species have complex mating rituals majority unlearned slightly learned Good for insects and simpler life forms Advantages know what to do from birth Disadvantage can t adapt to sudden changes in environment compensate with short life spans and many offspring The body actively maintains physiological systems in a condition of balance homeostasis Departure from homeostasis e g lack of nutrients drop in temperature aroused condition drive Feel thirsty lack of water find fluid Drive motivates the organism to engage in appropriate behavior e g drinking eating seeking warmth Appropriate behavior restores the homeostasis Good job at explaining simple motivations even in humans Applies to behaviors directly involved in restoring basic tissue needs Drive Theory Incentive Theory Arousal Theory Individuals are motivated by external stimuli not just internal needs Money grades incentives Individuals are motivated to maintain a preferred level of arousal Different people have different optimal levels of arousal Spectrum couch potato dare devils or adrenaline junkies Either genetically based or environmental effects probably both Drive Theory Revised Classical drives conditions of the tissues Revised drives states of the brain Better accounts for sexual behavior even eating behavior Simple Homeostatic Drive Many physiological systems maintain a given condition within a narrow range e g body temperature energy reserves Control systems operate on negative feedback loop Feedback process whereby some proportion of the output of a system is passed fed back to the input influences the output Two types positive and negative feedback most control systems work on negative feedback tend to stabilize energy levels within a certain narrow range